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DXing
DXing, taken from ''DX'', the telegraphic shorthand for "distance" or "distant", is the hobby of receiving and identifying distant radio or television signals, or making two-way radio contact with distant stations in amateur radio, citizens band radio or other two-way radio communications. Many DXers also attempt to obtain written verifications of reception or contact, sometimes referred to as " QSLs" or "veries". The practice of DXing arose during the early days of radio broadcasting. Listeners would mail "reception reports" to radio broadcasting stations in hopes of getting a written acknowledgement or a QSL card that served to officially verify they had heard a distant station. Collecting these cards became popular with radio listeners in the 1920s and 1930s, and reception reports were often used by early broadcasters to gauge the effectiveness of their transmissions. Although international shortwave broadcasts are on the decline, DXing remains popular among dedicated shortwa ...
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WWKB
WWKB (1520 kHz) is a commercial AM radio station in Buffalo, New York. It broadcasts a sports gambling format and is one of two sports radio stations owned and operated by Audacy, Inc. in the Buffalo market. WWKB's Buffalo sister station WGR primarily broadcasts local sports programming. The studios are on Corporate Parkway in Amherst, New York. The station used the WKBW callsign from its founding in 1926 until 1986, and during various periods, previously carried pop-rock music and talk radio. WWKB broadcasts with a power of 50,000 watts, the maximum permitted for AM stations in the U.S. It is one of two 50,000 watt AM stations in Western New York, along with WHAM (AM), WHAM in Rochester, New York, Rochester. WWKB is a clear channel station, sharing its list of North American broadcast station classes, Class A status on 1520 kHz with KOKC (AM), KOKC in Oklahoma City. WWKB uses a directional antenna with a three-tower array. Its transmitter site is shared with WGR on Big Tree Road ...
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Radio Broadcasting
Radio broadcasting is the broadcasting of audio signal, audio (sound), sometimes with related metadata, by radio waves to radio receivers belonging to a public audience. In terrestrial radio broadcasting the radio waves are broadcast by a land-based radio station, while in ''satellite radio'' the radio waves are broadcast by a satellite in Earth orbit. To receive the content the listener must have a Radio receiver, broadcast radio receiver (''radio''). Stations are often affiliated with a radio network that provides content in a common radio format, either in broadcast syndication or simulcast, or both. The code, encoding of a radio broadcast depends on whether it uses an analog signal, analog or digital signal. Analog radio broadcasts use one of two types of radio wave modulation: amplitude modulation for AM radio, or frequency modulation for FM radio. Newer, digital radio stations transmit in several different digital audio standards, such as DAB (Digital Audio Broadcas ...
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Antenna (radio)
In radio-frequency engineering, an antenna (American English) or aerial (British English) is an electronic device that converts an alternating current, alternating electric current into radio waves (transmitting), or radio waves into an electric current (receiving). It is the interface between radio waves Radio propagation, propagating through space and electric currents moving in metal Electrical conductor, conductors, used with a transmitter or receiver (radio), receiver. In transmission (telecommunications), transmission, a radio transmitter supplies an electric current to the antenna's Terminal (electronics), terminals, and the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic radiation, electromagnetic waves (radio waves). In receiver (radio), reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of a radio wave in order to produce an electric current at its terminals, that is applied to a receiver to be amplifier, amplified. Antennas are essential components ...
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Shortwave Radio
Shortwave radio is radio transmission using radio frequencies in the shortwave bands (SW). There is no official definition of the band range, but it always includes all of the High frequency, high frequency band (HF), which extends from 3 to 30 MHz (approximately 100 to 10 metres in wavelength). It lies between the Medium frequency, medium frequency band (MF) and the bottom of the Very high frequency, VHF band. Radio waves in the shortwave band can be reflected or refracted from a layer of electrically charged atoms in the atmosphere called the ionosphere. Therefore, short waves directed at an angle into the sky can be reflected back to Earth at great distances, beyond the horizon. This is called skywave or "skip" radio propagation, propagation. Thus shortwave radio can be used for communication over very long distances, in contrast to radio waves of higher frequency, which travel in straight lines (line-of-sight propagation) and are generally limited by the visual horizon, ...
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KAAY
KAAY (1090 AM) is a commercial radio station in Little Rock, Arkansas, owned by Cumulus Media. It airs a Christian radio format of instruction and preaching, with most of the schedule made up of brokered programming featuring local and national religious leaders, including Charles Stanley, Jim Daly, John F. MacArthur, and Albert Pendarvis. Overnight, automated contemporary Christian music is heard. The station's studios are located in West Little Rock, and the transmitter is located off McDonald Road in Wrightsville. KAAY is Arkansas's primary entry point station for the Emergency Alert System. History Early years in Hot Springs KAAY first signed on as KTHS on December 20, 1924, in Hot Springs, Arkansas. It operated on 600, 780, 800 and 1040 kilocycles at different times in its early days. By the 1930s, it moved to its current frequency of 1090 kHz, with 10,000 watts in the daytime, allowing it to be easily heard in the larger capital city of Little Rock, about 50 mil ...
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KSL (AM)
KSL (1160 AM) is a commercial radio, commercial radio station Community of license, licensed to Salt Lake City, Utah. KSL and sister station 102.7 KSL-FM simulcast a talk radio, news-talk radio format. They are owned by Bonneville International, a broadcasting subsidiary of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS). They and co-owned television station KSL-TV have studios in the Broadcast House building at the Triad Center in downtown Salt Lake City. KSL is a list of broadcast station classes#AM, Class A clear-channel station, broadcasting with 50,000 watts omnidirectional antenna, non-directional, the maximum power permitted by the Federal Communications Commission. The signal covers most of north-central Utah in the daytime and can be heard in much of Western North America at night. The transmitter site is west of the Salt Lake City International Airport. KSL is Utah's primary entry point for the Emergency Alert System. KSL transmissions broadcast in HD Radio. Prog ...
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Border Blaster
A border blaster is a broadcast station that, though not licensed as an external service (broadcasting), external service, is, in practice, used to target another country. The term "border blaster" is of North American origin, and usually associated with Mexican AM band, AM stations whose broadcast areas cover large parts of the United States, and United States border AM stations covering large parts of Canada. Conceptually similar European broadcasting included some pre-World War II broadcasting towards the United Kingdom, "Peripheral radio, radio périphérique" around France and the U.S. government-funded station Radio Free Europe, targeting European countries behind the Iron Curtain. With broadcasting signals far more powerful than those of U.S. stations, the Mexican border blasters could be heard over large areas of the U.S. from the 1940s to the 1970s, often to the great irritation of American radio stations, whose signals could be overpowered by their Mexican counterpar ...
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Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in North America. It is the northernmost country in Latin America, and borders the United States to the north, and Guatemala and Belize to the southeast; while having maritime boundary, maritime boundaries with the Pacific Ocean to the west, the Caribbean Sea to the southeast, and the Gulf of Mexico to the east. Mexico covers 1,972,550 km2 (761,610 sq mi), and is the List of countries by area, thirteenth-largest country in the world by land area. With a population exceeding 130 million, Mexico is the List of countries by population, tenth-most populous country in the world and is home to the Hispanophone#Countries, largest number of native Spanish speakers. Mexico City is the capital and List of cities in Mexico, largest city, which ranks among the List of cities by population, most populous metropolitan areas in the world. Human presence in Mexico dates back to at least 8,000 BC. Mesoamerica, considered a cradle ...
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Disc Jockey
A disc jockey, more commonly abbreviated as DJ, is a person who plays recorded music for an audience. Types of DJs include Radio personality, radio DJs (who host programs on music radio stations), club DJs (who work at nightclubs or music festivals), mobile DJs (who are hired to work at public and private events such as weddings, parties, or festivals), and turntablism, turntablists (who use record players, usually turntables, to manipulate sounds on phonograph records). Originally, the "disc" in "disc jockey" referred to shellac and later vinyl records, but nowadays DJ is used as an all-encompassing term to also describe persons who DJ mix, mix music from other recording media such as compact cassette, cassettes, Compact disc, CDs or digital audio files on a CDJ, controller, or even a laptop. DJs may adopt the title "DJ" in front of their real names, adopted pseudonyms, or stage names. DJs commonly use audio equipment that can play at least two sources of recorded music simul ...
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WLS (AM)
WLS (890 kHz) is a commercial AM broadcasting, AM radio station in Chicago, Illinois. Owned by Cumulus Media, through licensee Radio License Holdings LLC, the station airs a talk radio format. WLS studios are in the NBC Tower on North Columbus Drive in the city's Streeterville neighborhood. The station's programming is also available in the Chicago metropolitan area via a simulcast on the HD2 digital subchannel of sister station WLS-FM. The station formerly broadcast in C-QUAM AM stereo. Its transmitter site is located on the southwestern edge of Tinley Park, Illinois in Will County. WLS is a List of broadcast station classes, Class A station broadcasting on the clear-channel station, clear-channel frequency of 890 kHz with 50,000 watts, using a omnidirectional antenna, non-directional antenna fed by a Nautel NX-50 transmitter, with a Harris DX-50 serving as a backup transmitter. Both transmitters run in MDCL (Modulation Dependent Carrier Level) mode to improve efficiency. T ...
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AM Broadcasting
AM broadcasting is radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation (AM) transmissions. It was the first method developed for making audio radio transmissions, and is still used worldwide, primarily for medium wave (also known as "AM band") transmissions, but also on the longwave and shortwave radio bands. The earliest experimental AM transmissions began in the early 1900s. However, widespread AM broadcasting was not established until the 1920s, following the development of vacuum tube receivers and transmitters. AM radio remained the dominant method of broadcasting for the next 30 years, a period called the " Golden Age of Radio", until television broadcasting became widespread in the 1950s and received much of the programming previously carried by radio. Later, AM radio's audiences declined greatly due to competition from FM (frequency modulation) radio, Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), satellite radio, HD (digital) radio, Internet radio, music streaming services, and podca ...
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Watt
The watt (symbol: W) is the unit of Power (physics), power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−3. It is used to quantification (science), quantify the rate of Work (physics), energy transfer. The watt is named in honor of James Watt (1736–1819), an 18th-century Scottish people, Scottish inventor, mechanical engineer, and chemist who improved the Newcomen engine with his own Watt steam engine, steam engine in 1776, which became fundamental for the Industrial Revolution. Overview When an object's velocity is held constant at one meter per second against a constant opposing force of one Newton (unit), newton, the rate at which Work (physics), work is done is one watt. \mathrm. In terms of electromagnetism, one watt is the rate at which electrical work is performed when a current of one ampere (A) flows across an electrical potential difference of one volt (V), meaning the watt is equivalent to the vo ...
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