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D. R. Hartree
Douglas Rayner Hartree (27 March 1897 – 12 February 1958) was an English mathematician and physicist most famous for the development of numerical analysis and its application to the Hartree–Fock equations of atomic physics and the construction of a differential analyser using Meccano. Early life and education Douglas Hartree was born in Cambridge, England. His father, William, was a lecturer in engineering at the University of Cambridge. His mother, Eva Rayner, was president of the National Council of Women of Great Britain and first woman to be mayor of the city of Cambridge. One of his great-grandfathers was Samuel Smiles; another was the marine engineer William Hartree, partner of John Penn. Douglas Hartree was the oldest of three sons who survived infancy. A brother and sister died in infancy when he was still a child, but his two brothers would later also die. Hartree's 7-year-old brother John Edwin died when Hartree was 17, and Hartree's 22-year-old brother C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cambridge
Cambridge ( ) is a List of cities in the United Kingdom, city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England. It is the county town of Cambridgeshire and is located on the River Cam, north of London. As of the 2021 United Kingdom census, the population of the City of Cambridge was 145,700; the population of the wider built-up area (which extends outside the city council area) was 181,137. (2021 census) There is archaeological evidence of settlement in the area as early as the Bronze Age, and Cambridge became an important trading centre during the Roman Britain, Roman and Viking eras. The first Town charter#Municipal charters, town charters were granted in the 12th century, although modern city status was not officially conferred until 1951. The city is well known as the home of the University of Cambridge, which was founded in 1209 and consistently ranks among the best universities in the world. The buildings of the university include King's College Chap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hartree
The hartree (symbol: ''E''h), also known as the Hartree energy, is the measurement unit, unit of energy in the atomic units system, named after the British physicist Douglas Hartree. Its CODATA recommended value is = The hartree is approximately the negative electric potential energy of the electron in a hydrogen atom in its ground state and, by the virial theorem, approximately twice its ionization energy; the relationships are not exact because of the finite mass of the Atomic nucleus, nucleus of the hydrogen atom and Quantum electrodynamics, relativistic corrections. The hartree is usually used as a unit of energy in atomic physics and computational chemistry: for experimental measurements at the atomic scale, the electronvolt (eV) or the reciprocal centimetre (cm−1) are much more widely used. Other relationships : E_\mathrm = = m_\mathrm\left(\frac\right)^2 = m_\mathrm c^2 \alpha^2 = :: = 2 Rydberg constant#Rydberg unit of energy, Ry = 2 Rydberg cons ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bedales School
Bedales School is a coeducational boarding and day public school, in the village of Steep, near the market town of Petersfield in Hampshire, England. It was founded in 1893 by Amy Garrett Badley and John Haden Badley in reaction to the limitations of conventional Victorian schools and has been co-educational since 1898. History The school was started in 1893 by Amy Garrett Badley and John Haden Badley. John had met Oswald B Powell when they were introduced to each other by Goldsworthy Lowes Dickinson, whom they both knew from their Cambridge days. John said that Oswald and his wife, Winifred Powell, were as important as Amy and him. A house called ''Bedales'' was rented just outside Lindfield, near Haywards Heath. In 1899 Badley and Powell (the latter borrowing heavily from his father, the Vicar of Bisham) purchased a country estate near Steep and constructed a purpose-built school, including state-of-the-art electric lighting, which opened in 1900. The site has bee ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
St Faith's School
St Faith's School is a private preparatory day school on Trumpington Road, Cambridge, England, for girls and boys aged four to thirteen. The headmaster is Crispin Hyde-Dunn. The school has more than five hundred children. St Faith's is part of The Leys and St Faith's Schools Foundation. It is named after the French martyr St Faith. History The school was founded by Ralph Shilleto Goodchild, a graduate of Christ's College, around 1884. It features in Gwen Raverat's autobiographical account of her childhood, '' Period Piece''.''Period Piece: A Cambridge Childhood'' by Gwen Raverat (Faber & Faber, London, 1952) (hardback) (paperback) The Leys and St Faith's Foundation share the motto (''In fide fiducia'') and coat of arms. Until the 1990s, most classrooms were in converted Victorian houses. Since then, the school has built Ashburton, opened in 1999, a large red-brick building. Ashburton was so named because the children were evacuated to Ashburton in Devon during the Sec ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dorothy Helen Rayner
Dorothy Helen Rayner (3 February 1912 – 31 December 2003) was a British geologist who became an authority on the stratigraphy of the British Isles while working at University of Leeds. In 1975 she was awarded the prestigious Lyell Medal from the Geological Society of London for her contributions to the field. Early life and education Rayner was born in Teddington, Middlesex, the second of three children of Agnes (née Styles) and Edwin Rayner, a senior figure at the National Physical Laboratory. The wider family were steeped in science - cousin Douglas Rayner Hartree was a theoretical physicist, her paternal grandfather Edwin Rayner was a medical doctor and her siblings also read science at Cambridge. Her paternal aunt was Eva Hartree, became the first female Mayor of Cambridge. Rayner was educated at Bedales School, then read Natural Sciences at Girton College, Cambridge, graduating with a BA (1st Class) in 1935. She was a University Harkness Scholar and received of the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Penn (engineer)
John Penn (1805–1878) was an English marine engineer whose firm was pre-eminent in the middle of the 19th century due to his innovations in engine and propeller systems, which led his firm to be the major supplier to the Royal Navy as it made the transition from sail to steam power. He was also president of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers on two occasions. Early life John Penn was born in 1805 in Greenwich, the son of engineer and millwright John Penn (born in Taunton, Somerset, 1770; died 6 June 1843). The senior John Penn had in 1799 started an agricultural engineering business on the site at the junction of Blackheath and Lewisham Roads (close to modern-day Deptford Bridge). It grew in two decades to be one of the major engineering works in the London area. The focus of the firm was mainly in agriculture and more specifically mills for corn and flour. Although John Penn senior lived in Lewisham he stood as a reformist candidate for Greenwich in the December 1832 p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Biographical Memoirs Of Fellows Of The Royal Society
The ''Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society'' is an academic journal on the history of science published annually by the Royal Society. It publishes obituaries of Fellows of the Royal Society. It was established in 1932 as ''Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society'' and obtained its current title in 1955, with volume numbering restarting at 1. Prior to 1932, obituaries were published in the '' Proceedings of the Royal Society''. The memoirs are a significant historical record and most include a full bibliography of works by the subjects. The memoirs are often written by a scientist of the next generation, often one of the subject's own former students, or a close colleague. In many cases the author is also a Fellow. Notable biographies published in this journal include Albert Einstein, Alan Turing, Bertrand Russell Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, mathematic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Samuel Smiles
Samuel Smiles (23 December 1812 – 16 April 1904) was a British author and government reformer. Although he campaigned on a Chartist platform, he promoted the idea that more progress would come from new attitudes than from new laws. His primary work, ''Self-Help'' (1859), promoted thrift and claimed that poverty was caused largely by irresponsible habits, while also attacking materialism and ''laissez-faire'' government. It has been called "the bible of mid- Victorian liberalism" and had lasting effects on British political thought. Early life and education Born in Haddington, East Lothian, Scotland, Smiles was the son of Janet Wilson of Dalkeith and Samuel Smiles of Haddington. He was one of eleven surviving children. While his family members were strict Reformed Presbyterians, he did not practice. He studied at a local school, leaving at the age of 14. He apprenticed to be a doctor under Dr. Robert Lewins. This arrangement enabled Smiles to study medicine at the Universit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Council Of Women Of Great Britain
The National Council of Women of Great Britain (NCWGB) exists to co-ordinate the voluntary efforts of women across Great Britain. Founded as the National Union of Women Workers, it said that it would "promote sympathy of thought and purpose among the women of Great Britain and Ireland". History It was founded in 1895 and affiliated to the International Council of Women (ICW) in 1897. It changed its name to the National Council of Women of Great Britain & Ireland in 1918. In 1928 it changed its name to the National Council of Women of Great Britain. It supported the work of the Equal Pay Campaign Committee 1941-1956. Its early archives are held in the London Metropolitan University: Trades Union Congress Library Collections. H. Pearl Adam published ''Women in Council'', the history of the National Council of Women of Great Britain, in 1945. Notable members Presidents :1895: Louise Creighton :1897: Mrs Alfred Booth :1899: :1900: Mrs Arthur LytteltonNUWW Annual Reports 189 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Eva Hartree
Eva Hartree (née Rayner; 24 December 1873 – 9 September 1947) was the first woman to be Mayor of Cambridge, in 1924–25. Early life Hartree was born Eva Rayner in Stockport in 1873, the daughter of a Jewish doctor, Edwin Rayner and his wife Isabella. Hartree read natural history at Girton College, Cambridge from 1892, completing tripos in 1895, but not graduating as women did not then proceed to graduation. Also in 1895 she married William Hartree, a lecturer in engineering. She was a suffragist (not a more militant suffragette). Civic career Hartree was a Borough Councillor from 1921 to 1927, during which time she was the first woman to be Mayor of Cambridge in 1924–25. As a result of suffering from Graves' disease, she had a short period off the council, but was again a Councillor from 1929 to 1943. Hartree was elected President of the National Council of Women of Great Britain in 1933 and in her presidential speech in 1936, she called attention to the rise of Nazis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meccano
Meccano is a brand of construction set created in 1898 by Frank Hornby in Liverpool, England. The system consists of reusable metal strips, plates, angle girders, wheels, axles and gears, and plastic parts that are connected using nuts and bolts. It enables the building of working models and mechanical devices. In 1913, a very similar construction set was introduced in the United States under the brand name Erector. In 1990, Meccano bought the Erector brand and unified its presence on all continents. In 2013, the Meccano brand was acquired by the Canadian toy company Spin Master. Meccano maintained a manufacturing facility in Calais, France until 2023. History First sets An early Meccano set on display in the Museum of Childhood (Edinburgh), Edinburgh Museum of Childhood In 1901 Frank Hornby, a clerk from Liverpool, England, invented and patented a new toy called "Mechanics Made Easy" that was based on the principles of mechanical engineering. It was a model c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Differential Analyser
The differential analyser is a mechanical analogue computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, using wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. It was one of the first advanced computing devices to be used operationally. In addition to the integrator devices, the machine used an epicyclic differential mechanism to perform addition or subtraction - similar to that used on a front-wheel drive car, where the speed of the two output shafts (driving the wheels) may differ but the speeds add up to the speed of the input shaft. Multiplication/division by integer values was achieved by simple gear ratios; multiplication by fractional values was achieved by means of a multiplier table, where a human operator would have to keep a stylus tracking the slope of a bar. A variant of this human-operated table was used to implement other functions such as polynomials. History Research on solutions for differential equations using mechanical devices, discou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
