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Thiadiazoles
In chemistry, thiadiazoles are a sub-family of azole compounds, with the name ''thiadiazole'' originating from the Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature. Structurally, they are five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing one sulfur and two nitrogen atoms. The ring is Aromaticity, aromatic by virtue of the two double bonds and one of the lone pairs of electrons of sulfur. Four constitutional isomers are possible, differing by the relative positions of the sulfur and nitrogen atoms. The nomenclature thus includes the locations of each of those three atoms, with the first of the three numbers referring to the sulfur. The parent compounds are rarely synthesized and possess no particular application, however, compounds bearing them as a structural motif are fairly common in pharmacology. Of them, 1,3,4-thiadiazole is the most common, appearing in such medications as cephazolin and acetazolamide. 3,4-Dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole arises readily from cyanogen. In the Hurd–Mori reaction, an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3,4-Dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole
3,4-Dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole is the heterocycle with the formula . It is a colorless liquid. The compound is produced by treating cyanogen with disulfur dichloride. The compound can also be prepared from aminoacetonitrile. It is a planar molecule consisting of a thiadiazole core with two chlorine atoms as substituents. The chloride groups are displaced readily by ammonia to give the diamine: : Related compounds * 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole, , derived from 1,2-diaminobenzene ''o''-Phenylenediamine (OPD) is an organic compound with the formula C6H4(NH2)2. This aromatic diamine is an important precursor to many heterocyclic compounds. OPD is a white compound although samples appear darker owing to oxidation by air. I ... References {{DEFAULTSORT:Dichloro-1,2,5-thiadiazole, 3,4- Thiadiazoles Chloroarenes ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acetazolamide
Acetazolamide, sold under the trade name Diamox among others, is a medication used to treat glaucoma, epilepsy, acute mountain sickness, periodic paralysis, idiopathic intracranial hypertension (raised brain pressure of unclear cause), heart failure and to alkalinize urine. It may be used long term for the treatment of open angle glaucoma and short term for acute angle closure glaucoma until surgery can be carried out. It is taken Oral administration, by mouth or intravenous, injection into a vein. Acetazolamide is a first generation carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and it decreases the ocular fluid and osmolality in the eye to decrease intraocular pressure. Common side effects include numbness, tinnitus, ringing in the ears, loss of appetite, vomiting, and sleepiness. It is not recommended in those with significant kidney problems, liver problems, or who are sulfonamide allergy, allergic to sulfonamides. Acetazolamide is in the diuretic and carbonic anhydrase inhibitor families o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cephazolin
Cefazolin, also known as cefazoline and cephazolin, is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic used for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections. Specifically it is used to treat cellulitis, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, endocarditis, joint infection, and biliary tract infections. It is also used to prevent group B streptococcal disease around the time of delivery and before surgery. It is typically given by injection into a muscle or vein. Common side effects include diarrhea, vomiting, yeast infections, and allergic reactions. Historically, it was thought to be contraindicated in patients with allergies to penicillin, although several recent studies have refuted this and it is proven to be safe in almost all patients, including those with known penicillin allergies. It is relatively safe for use during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Cefazolin is in the first-generation cephalosporin class of medication and works by interfering with the bacteria's cell wa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nomenclature
Nomenclature (, ) is a system of names or terms, or the rules for forming these terms in a particular field of arts or sciences. (The theoretical field studying nomenclature is sometimes referred to as ''onymology'' or ''taxonymy'' ). The principles of naming vary from the relatively informal conventions of everyday speech to the internationally agreed principles, rules, and recommendations that govern the formation and use of the specialist terminology used in scientific and any other disciplines. Naming "things" is a part of general human communication using words and language: it is an aspect of everyday taxonomy as people distinguish the objects of their experience, together with their similarities and differences, which observers identify, name and classify. The use of names, as the many different kinds of nouns embedded in different languages, connects nomenclature to theoretical linguistics, while the way humans mentally structure the world in relation to word meanings a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thionyl Chloride
Thionyl chloride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula . It is a moderately Volatility (chemistry), volatile, colourless liquid with an unpleasant acrid odour. Thionyl chloride is primarily used as a Halogenation, chlorinating reagent, with approximately per year being produced during the early 1990s, but is occasionally also used as a solvent. It is toxic, reacts with water, and is also List of Schedule 3 substances (CWC), listed under the Chemical Weapons Convention as it may be used for the production of chemical weapons. Thionyl chloride is sometimes confused with sulfuryl chloride, , but the properties of these compounds differ significantly. Sulfuryl chloride is a source of chlorine whereas thionyl chloride is a source of chloride ions. Production The major industrial synthesis involves the reaction of sulfur trioxide and sulfur dichloride. This synthesis can be adapted to the laboratory by heating oleum to slowly distill the sulfur trioxide into a cooled fla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cyanogen
Cyanogen is the chemical compound with the chemical formula, formula . Its structure is . The simplest stable carbon nitride, it is a Transparency and translucency, colorless and highly toxic gas with a pungency, pungent odor. The molecule is a pseudohalogen. Cyanogen molecules are linear molecular geometry, linear, and consist of two CN groups ‒ analogous to diatomic halogen molecules, such as chlorine, Cl, but far less oxidizing. The two cyanide, cyano groups are bonded together at their carbon atoms, though other isomers have been detected. The name is also used for the CN radical, and hence is used for compounds such as cyanogen bromide () (but see also ''Cyano radical''). When burned at increased pressure with oxygen, it is possible to get a blue tinted flame, the temperature of which is about 4800°C (a higher temperature is possible with ozone). It is as such regarded as the gas with the second highest temperature of burning (after dicyanoacetylene). Cyanogen is the anhy ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology. More specifically, it is the study of the interactions that occur between a living organism and chemicals that affect normal or abnormal biochemical function. If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals. The field encompasses drug composition and properties, functions, sources, synthesis and drug design, molecular and cellular mechanisms, organ/systems mechanisms, signal transduction/cellular communication, molecular diagnostics, interactions, chemical biology, therapy, and medical applications and antipathogenic capabilities. The two main areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Pharmacodynamics studies the effects of a drug on biological systems, and pharmacokinetics studies the effects of biological systems on a drug. In broad terms, pharmacod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Thiadiazine
In organosulfur chemistry, thiadiazine is a heterocyclic compound containing a six-membered ring composed of three carbon atoms, one sulfur atom, and two nitrogen atoms. It exists in several isomeric forms, each characterized by the different arrangement of the sulfur and nitrogen atoms in the ring structure. Common isomers include 1,2,4-thiadiazine, 1,2,6-thiadiazine, and 1,3,4-thiadiazine. Thiadiazines have gained significant interest in organic and medicinal chemistry research due to their diverse potential biological activities, including antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and muscle relaxant properties. They have been explored their potential applications in treating conditions such as Huntington's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and type 2 diabetes Type 2 diabetes (T2D), formerly known as adult-onset diabetes, is a form of diabetes mellitus that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin. Common symptoms include increased ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Azole
Azoles are a class of five-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a nitrogen atom and at least one other non-carbon atom (i.e. nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen) as part of the ring. Their names originate from the Hantzsch–Widman nomenclature. The parent compounds are aromatic and have two double bonds; there are successively redox, reduced analogs (azolines and azolidines) with fewer. One, and only one, lone pair of electrons from each heteroatom in the ring is part of the aromatic bonding in an azole. Names of azoles maintain the prefix upon reduction (e.g., pyrazoline, pyrazolidine). The numbering of ring atoms in azoles starts with the heteroatom that is not part of a double bond, and then proceeds towards the other heteroatom. Imidazole and other five-membered aromatic heterocyclic systems with two nitrogens are extremely common in nature and form the core of many biomolecules, such as histidine. Compound classes ;Nitrogen only Imidazol.svg, Imidazole Pyrazol.svg, Pyrazol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lone Pair
In chemistry, a lone pair refers to a pair of valence electrons that are not shared with another atom in a covalent bondIUPAC ''Gold Book'' definition''lone (electron) pair''/ref> and is sometimes called an unshared pair or non-bonding pair. Lone pairs are found in the outermost electron shell of atoms. They can be identified by using a Lewis structure. Electron pair, Electron pairs are therefore considered lone pairs if two electrons are paired but are not used in chemical bonding. Thus, the number of electrons in lone pairs plus the number of electrons in bonds equals the number of valence electrons around an atom. Lone pair is a concept used in valence shell electron pair repulsion theory (VSEPR theory) which explains the Molecular geometry, shapes of molecules. They are also referred to in the chemistry of Lewis acids and bases. However, not all non-bonding pairs of electrons are considered by chemists to be lone pairs. Examples are the transition metals where the non-bonding ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
