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Psocoptera
Psocoptera () are a paraphyletic group of insects that are commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. The name Psocoptera has been replaced with Psocodea in recent literature, with the inclusion of the former order Phthiraptera into Psocodea (as part of the suborder Troctomorpha). They are often regarded as the most primitive of the paraneopterans. There are more than 5,500 species in 41 families in three suborders. Many of these species have only been described in the early twenty-first century. They range in size from in length. The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old books—they feed upon the paste used in binding. The barklice are found on trees, feeding on algae and lichen. Etymology Their name originates from the Greek word ψῶχος (''psokhos''), meaning " gnawed" or " rubbed" and πτερά (''ptera''), meaning " wings". Classification In the 2000s, morphological and molecular phylogenetic evid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paraneoptera
Paraneoptera or Acercaria is a Order (biology), superorder of insects which includes Psocodea, lice (Psocoptera, bark lice and Louse, true lice), thrips, and hemipterans, the true bugs. It also includes the extinct order Permopsocida, known from fossils dating from the Cisuralian, Early Permian to the mid-Cretaceous. All of the insects classified here exhibit various “reductions” or “simplifications” from the primitive body-plan found in typical polyneopterans. Cercus, Cerci, for example, are entirely absent in all living paraneopterans (Acercaria meaning without cerci). Other “reductions” occur in wing venation, in the number of tarsal segments (no more than three), only four Malpighian tubules, and only one complex of abdominal ganglia. The mouthparts of the Paraneoptera reflect diverse feeding habits. Basal groups are microbial surface feeders, whereas more advanced groups feed on plant or animal fluids. Phylogeny Paraneoptera consists of Psocodea (lice), along ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psocodea
Psocodea is a taxonomic group of insects comprising the bark lice, book lice and parasitic lice. It was formerly considered a superorder, but is now generally considered by entomologists as an order. Despite the greatly differing appearance of parasitic lice (Phthiraptera), they are believed to have evolved from within the former order Psocoptera, which contained the bark lice and book lice, now found to be paraphyletic. They are often regarded as the most primitive of the hemipteroids. Psocodea contains around 11,000 species, divided among four suborders and more than 70 families. They range in size from 1–10 millimetres (0.04–0.4 in) in length. The species known as booklice received their common name because they are commonly found amongst old books—they feed upon the paste used in binding. The barklice are found on trees, feeding on algae and lichen. Anatomy and biology Psocids are small, scavenging insects with a relatively generalized body plan. They feed ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sphaeropsocidae
Sphaeropsocidae is a family of Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera), belonging to the suborder Troctomorpha. Females of this family have reduced, beetle-like elytra, and lack hindwings, with males have either small or absent wings. The family comprises 22 known species (four of them fossils) in eight genera. Taxonomy * †'' Asphaeropsocites'' Azar et al. 2010 Lebanese amber, Early Cretaceous (Barremian) * '' Badonnelia'' Pearman, 1953 Chile, Recent (except ''Badonnelia titei'', which is found alongside humans in Europe and North America)Mockford, Edward L. 2005. "First New World Record for ''Badonnelia Titei'' (Insecta: Psocoptera: Sphaeropsocidae)," ''The Great Lakes Entomologist'', vol 38 (2) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol38/iss2/1 * * '' Sphaeropsocopsis'' North America, South America, St Helena, Recent * '' Sphaeropsocus'' Baltic amber, Eocene, Southeastern US (Recent) * †'' Sphaeropsocites'' Lebanese amber, Early Cretaceous (Barremian) * †'' Sphaeropsoc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liposcelididae
Liposcelididae (historically often referred to as "Liposcelidae") is a family of booklice of the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera), belonging to the suborder Troctomorpha. Members of this family are small and flattened, and often wingless. Mesothorax and metathorax fused in wingless forms. The family contains close to 200 species, arranged in nine genera which make up one smaller and one larger subfamily: Subfamily Embidopsocinae * '' Belapha'' * '' Belaphopsocus'' * '' Belaphotroctes'' * '' Chaetotroctes'' * '' Embidopsocopsis'' * '' Embidopsocus'' * '' Troctulus'' Subfamily Liposcelidinae * '' Liposcelis'' * '' Troglotroctes'' †'' Cretoscelis'' Grimaldi and Engel 2006 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian The Cenomanian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy's (ICS) geological timescale, the oldest or earliest age (geology), age of the Late Cretaceous epoch (geology), Epoch or the lowest stage (stratigraphy), stage of the Upper Cretace ... References * ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lice
Louse (: lice) is the common name for any member of the infraorder Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera was previously recognized as an order, until a 2021 genetic study determined that they are a highly modified lineage of the order Psocodea, whose members are commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. Lice are obligate parasites, living externally on warm-blooded hosts, which include every species of bird and mammal, except for monotremes, pangolins, and bats. Chewing lice live among the hairs or feathers of their host and feed on skin and debris, whereas sucking lice pierce the host's skin and feed on blood and other secretions. They usually spend their whole life on a single host, cementing their eggs, called nits, to hairs or feathers. The eggs hatch into nymphs, which moult three times before becoming fully grown, a process that takes about four weeks. Humans host two species of louse—the head lou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Phthiraptera
Louse (: lice) is the common name for any member of the infraorder Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects. Phthiraptera was previously recognized as an order, until a 2021 genetic study determined that they are a highly modified lineage of the order Psocodea, whose members are commonly known as booklice, barklice or barkflies. Lice are obligate parasites, living externally on warm-blooded hosts, which include every species of bird and mammal, except for monotremes, pangolins, and bats. Chewing lice live among the hairs or feathers of their host and feed on skin and debris, whereas sucking lice pierce the host's skin and feed on blood and other secretions. They usually spend their whole life on a single host, cementing their eggs, called nits, to hairs or feathers. The eggs hatch into nymphs, which moult three times before becoming fully grown, a process that takes about four weeks. Humans host two species of louse—the head louse an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pachytroctidae
Pachytroctidae is a family of thick barklice in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera). There are about 15 genera and at least 90 described species in Pachytroctidae. Members of this family are small, often macropterous, with a distinct wing venation. Genera These 15 genera belong to the family Pachytroctidae: * '' Antilopsocus'' Gurney, 1965 * '' Atapinella'' Azar, Huang, Cai & Nel, 2015 * '' Burmipachytrocta'' Azar, Huang, Cai & Nel, 2015 * '' Leptotroctes'' Badonnel, 1973 * '' Libaneuphoris'' Azar, Huang, Cai & Nel, 2015 * '' Libanopsyllipsocus'' Azar & Nel, 2011 * '' Nanopsocus'' Pearman, 1928 * '' Nymphotroctes'' Badonnel, 1931 * '' Pachytroctes'' Enderlein, 1905 * '' Peritroctes'' Ribaga, 1911 * '' Psacadium'' Enderlein, 1908 * '' Psylloneura'' Enderlein, 1903 * '' Psyllotroctes'' Roesler, 1940 * '' Tapinella'' Enderlein, 1908 * '' Thoracotroctes'' Lienhard, 2005 c g Data sources: i = ITIS, c = Catalogue of Life, g = GBIF, b = Bugguide.net References * Lienhard, C. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Psocomorpha
Psocomorpha is a suborder of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order (biology), order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera). There are more than 20 families and 5,300 described species in Psocomorpha. Phylogeny The below cladogram of Psocodea shows the position of Psocomorpha: Fossil record The oldest fossil record of the suborder is ''Burmesopsocus, Burmesopsocus lienhardi'' from the mid-Cretaceous (early Cenomanian) Burmese amber, which is not assigned to any family. Classification Psocomorpha contains 6 infraorders and 26 family (biology), families: *Archipsocetae ** Archipsocidae Pearman, 1936 (ancient barklice) *Caeciliusetae ** Amphipsocidae Pearman, 1936 (hairy-winged barklice) ** Asiopsocidae Mockford & Garcia Aldrete, 1976 ** Caeciliusidae Mockford, 2000 (lizard barklice) ** Dasydemellidae Mockford, 1978 (shaggy psocids) ** Paracaeciliidae Mockford, 1989 ** Stenopsocidae Pearman, 1936 (narrow barklice) *Epipsocetae ** Cladiopsocidae Smithers, 1972 ** Dolabellops ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Troctomorpha
Troctomorpha is one of the three major suborders of Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera)(barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice), alongside Psocomorpha and Trogiomorpha. There are more than 30 families and 5,800 described species in Troctomorpha. The order includes parasitic lice, which are most closely related to the booklice family Liposcelididae. Cladogram Cladogram showing the position of Troctomorpha within Psocodea: Fossil record The oldest record of the suborder is suggested to be '' Paramesopsocus adibi,'' known from the Late Jurassic Karabastau Formation of Kazakhstan. Classification Troctomorpha contains the following subgroups: * Infraorder: Amphientometae ** Family: Amphientomidae Enderlein, 1903 (tropical barklice) ** Family: Compsocidae Mockford, 1967 ** Family: Electrentomidae Enderlein, 1911 ** Family: Manicapsocidae Mockford, 1967 ** Family: Musapsocidae Mockford, 1967 ** Family: Protroctopsocidae Smithers, 1972 ** Family: Troctopsocidae Mockfor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trogiomorpha
Trogiomorpha is one of the three major suborders of barklice, booklice, and parasitic lice in the order Psocodea (formerly Psocoptera), alongside Troctomorpha and Psocomorpha. There are about 8 families and more than 430 described species in Trogiomorpha. Trogiomorpha is widely agreed to be the earliest diverging of the three suborders, and retains the most primitive characteristics. Internal phylogeny The cladogram below shows the position of Trogiomorpha within Psocodea: Classification Trogiomorpha contains 3 infraorders and 5 extant (living) families, as well as three identified extinct families: * Atropetae ** Archaeatropidae Baz & Ortuño, 2000 ** Empheriidae Baz & Ortuño, 2000 ** Lepidopsocidae Enderlein, 1903 (scaly-winged barklice) ** Psoquillidae Lienhard & Smithers, 2002 (bird nest barklice) ** Trogiidae Roesler, 1944 (granary booklice) * Psyllipsocetae ** Psyllipsocidae Lienhard & Smithers, 2002 (cave barklice) * Prionoglaridetae (paraphyletic Paraphyly is a ta ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insect
Insects (from Latin ') are Hexapoda, hexapod invertebrates of the class (biology), class Insecta. They are the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Insects have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (Insect morphology#Head, head, Thorax (insect anatomy), thorax and abdomen (insect anatomy), abdomen), three pairs of jointed Arthropod leg, legs, compound eyes, and a pair of antenna (biology), antennae. Insects are the most diverse group of animals, with more than a million described species; they represent more than half of all animal species. The insect nervous system consists of a insect brain, brain and a ventral nerve cord. Most insects reproduce Oviparous, by laying eggs. Insects Respiratory system of insects, breathe air through a system of Spiracle (arthropods), paired openings along their sides, connected to Trachea#Invertebrates, small tubes that take air directly to the tissues. The blood therefore does not carry oxygen; it is only partly contained in ves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Insect Wing
Insect wings are adult outgrowths of the insect exoskeleton that enable insect flight, insects to fly. They are found on the second and third Thorax (insect anatomy), thoracic segments (the mesothorax and metathorax), and the two pairs are often referred to as the forewings and hindwings, respectively, though a few insects lack hindwings, even rudiments. The wings are strengthened by a number of longitudinal veins, which often have cross-connections that form closed "cells" in the membrane (extreme examples include the Odonata, dragonflies and Neuroptera, lacewings). The patterns resulting from the fusion and cross-connection of the wing veins are often diagnostic for different evolutionary lineages and can be used for identification to the family (biology), family or even genus level in many order (biology), orders of insects. Physically, some insects move their flight muscles directly, others indirectly. In insects with direct flight, the wing muscles directly attach to the win ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
