Pama–Nyungan Languages

picture info	Pama–Nyungan Languages The Pama–Nyungan languages () are the most widespread language family, family of Australian Aboriginal languages, containing 306 out of 400 Aboriginal languages in Australia. The name "Pama–Nyungan" is a merism: it is derived from the two end-points of the range, the Pama languages of northeast Australia (where the word for 'man' is ) and the Nyungan languages of southwest Australia (where the word for 'man' is ). The other language families indigenous to the continent of Australia are often referred to, by exclusion, as non-Pama–Nyungan languages, though this is not a taxonomic term. The Pama–Nyungan family accounts for most of the geographic spread, most of the Aboriginal population, and the greatest number of languages. Most of the Pama–Nyungan languages are spoken by small ethnic groups of hundreds of speakers or fewer. Many languages have become extinct, and almost all remaining ones are endangered in some way. Only in the central inland portions of the continent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising mainland Australia, the mainland of the Australia (continent), Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and list of islands of Australia, numerous smaller islands. It has a total area of , making it the list of countries and dependencies by area, sixth-largest country in the world and the largest in Oceania. Australia is the world's flattest and driest inhabited continent. It is a megadiverse countries, megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and Climate of Australia, climates including deserts of Australia, deserts in the Outback, interior and forests of Australia, tropical rainforests along the Eastern states of Australia, coast. The ancestors of Aboriginal Australians began arriving from south-east Asia 50,000 to 65,000 years ago, during the Last Glacial Period, last glacial period. By the time of British settlement, Aboriginal Australians spoke 250 distinct l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Anewan Languages Anaiwan (Anēwan) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of New South Wales. Since 2017, there has been a revival program underway to bring the language back. Classification Once included in the Kuric languages, Bowern (2011) classifies Nganyaywana as a separate Anēwan (Anaiwan) branch of the Pama–Nyungan languages. Dialects Besides Nganyaywana, Anewan may include Enneewin, with which shares about 65% of its vocabulary. Crowley (1976) counts these as distinct languages, whereas Wafer and Lissarrague (2008) consider them to be dialects. Phonology Consonants Vowels * Vowels are heard as /i, a, u/. Each may also have allophones as �, ɔ and See also * Dyangadi languages References External links Bibliography of Nganyaywana language and people resources at the Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies The Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS), established as the Australian ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Marrngu Languages The Marrngu languages are a branch of the Pama–Nyungan language family of Australia. There are four members of the family, which all originated in Western Australia. Marrngu * Mangala (Mangarla) Marrngu proper Karajarri (Garadjari) ** Nyangumarta (Njangumarta) Vocabulary Capell Capell or Capel is a surname. Notable people with the name include: Capell * Arthur Capell, 1st Baron Capell of Hadham (1608–1649), English politician * Arthur Capell, 1st Earl of Essex (1631–1683), English statesman * Arthur Capell (1902–1 ... (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Marrngu languages:Capell, Arthur. 1940The Classification of Languages in North and North-West Australia ''Oceania'' 10(3): 241-272, 404-433. : References {{Australian Aboriginal languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Ngayarta Languages The Ngayarda (''Ngayarta'' /ŋajaʈa/) languages are a group of closely related languages in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. The languages classified as members of the Ngayarda languages group are (following Bowern & Koch 2004): * Martuthunira * Ngarluma-Kariyarra * Yindjibarndi– Kurrama * Panyjima * Jurruru * Nyamal * Yinhawangka * Ngarla * Nhuwala * Palyku Dench (1995) says that for Yinhawangka, Nhuwala and Ngarla there is insufficient data to enable them to be confidently classified, and he places them in Ngayarda for convenience. However, Bowern & Koch (2004) include them without proviso. Further, there are grounds for considering Yindjibarndi-Kurrama and Ngarluma-Kariyarra to be dialect pairs, though the indigenous perception is that they are separate languages. Palyku has sometimes been excluded; it is somewhat divergent. The name ''ngayarda'' comes from the word for "man" in many of the languages of the group. They form a branch of the Pama–Nyungan family ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Kanyara–Mantharta Languages The Kanyara and Mantharta languages form a western branch of the Pama–Nyungan family.Bowern, Claire. 2011.How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?, ''Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web'', December 23, 2011correctedFebruary 6, 2012) References {{DEFAULTSORT:Kanyara-Mantharta languages Southwest Pama–Nyungan languages Indigenous Australian languages in Western Australia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Kartu Languages The Kartu languages are a group of Indigenous Australian languages spoken in the Murchison and Gascoyne regions of Western Australia Western Australia (WA) is the westernmost state of Australia. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to the south, the Northern Territory to the north-east, and South Australia to the south-east. Western Aust .... They are thought to be closely related and to form a low-level genealogical group. The languages usually considered to be members of the Kartu group are, from north to south: * Yinggarda * Malgana ? Nhanda (possibly also Nhanhagardi) Wajarri * Badimaya The inclusion of Nhanda is dubious. It was excluded in Bowern & Koch (2004),Bowern & Koch (2004) ''Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method'' but retained in Bowern (2011).Bowern, Claire. 2011. How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?' Thaagurda was apparently also a Kartu language. The name ''kartu'' comes f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Nyungar Languages Noongar (), also Nyungar (), is an Australian Aboriginal language or dialect continuum, spoken by some members of the Noongar community and others. It is taught actively in Australia, including at schools, universities and through public broadcasting. The country of the Noongar people is the southwest corner of Western Australia. Within that region, many Noongar words have been adopted into Australian English, particularly names of plants and animals. Noongar was first recorded in 1801 by Matthew Flinders, who made a number of word lists. Varieties It is generally agreed that there was no single, standard Noongar (or Nyungar) language before European settlement: it was a subgroup (or possibly a dialect continuum) of closely related languages, whose speakers were differentiated geographically and, in some cases, by cultural practices. The dialects merged into the modern Noongar language following colonisation. A 1990 conference organised by the Nyoongar Language Project Adv ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Mirniny Languages The Mirning or Mirniny languages are a pair of Pama–Nyungan languages The Pama–Nyungan languages () are the most widespread language family, family of Australian Aboriginal languages, containing 306 out of 400 Aboriginal languages in Australia. The name "Pama–Nyungan" is a merism: it is derived from the two e ... of the Nullarbor Coast of Australia. * Mirning (Mirniny) * Ngadjumaya (Ngatjumaya) Galaagu (Kalarko) and Kalaamaya, once classified with Mirning as part of a Kalarko-Mirniny family, are now considered closer to Nyungar. References {{Australian Aboriginal languages Southwest Pama–Nyungan languages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Thura-Yura Languages The Yura or Thura-Yura languages are a group of Australian Aboriginal languages surrounding Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent in South Australia, that comprise a genetic language family of the Pama–Nyungan family. Name The name ''Yura'' comes from the word for "person" in the northern languages; this is a lenited form of the ''thura'' found in other languages, hence ''Thura-Yura''. Similar words for "person" are found in languages outside the group, however (for example 'yura' - 'person' in the Sydney language). Languages The following classification is proposed by Bowern & Koch (2004):Bowern & Koch (2004) ''Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method'' Thura-Yura Nangga Wirangu * Nauo Core Thura-Yura Yura (northern) * Adnyamathanha– Kuyani Barngarla Kadli (southern) * Narangga Kaurna (unclassified) *Nukunu Nukunu are an Aboriginal Australian people of South Australia, living around the Spencer Gulf area. In th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:** [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Lower Murray Languages The Lower Murray languages form a branch of the Pama–Nyungan family. They are:Bowern, Claire. 2011.How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?, ''Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web'', December 23, 2011correctedFebruary 6, 2012) Lower Murray * Ngarinyeri ( Yaralde, Yaraldi, Ngarrindjeri, Ramindjeri) Ngayawung (Ngayawang) Yuyu (Ngintait, Ngarkat) Keramin Yitha-Yitha ''moribund'' Dixon treats these as isolates, either because they are not close or are too poorly attested to demonstrate they are close. Bowern (2011) adds Peramangk. References {{Ia-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Kulinic Languages The Kulinic languages form a branch of the Pama–Nyungan family in Victoria (Australia). They are: * Kulin (3+, e.g. Woiwurrung) * Kolakngat * Drual (2) Warrnambool is Kulinic and may be Drual, but is too poorly attested to be certain. Glottolog ''Glottolog'' is an open-access online bibliographic database of the world's languages. In addition to listing linguistic materials ( grammars, articles, dictionaries) describing individual languages, the database also contains the most up-to-d ... now classes both Warrnambool and those languages sometimes classed as Drual in a family, calling it "Warrnambool-Bunganditj", and Kolakngat as in the Kulin family. Gadubanud was a dialect of either Warrnambool or Kolakngat. Several poorly attested interior Kulinic languages, such as Wemba-Wemba, are listed in the Kulin article. The three branches of Kulinic are not close; Dixon treats them as three separate families. Bibliography Dixon, R. M. W. 2002. ''Australian Languages: Thei ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]
	Yotayotic Languages The Yotayotic languages are a pair of languages of the Pama–Nyungan family, Yotayota and Yabula-Yabula. Dixon (2002) classified them as two separate families, but per Bowe & Morey (1999)Heather Bowe and Stephen Morey. 1999. The Yorta Yorta (Bangerang) Language of the Murray Goulborn including Yabula Yabula. (Pacific Linguistics: Series C, 154.) Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. ''Glottolog'' considers them to be dialects of a single language. References Dixon, R. M. W. 2002. ''Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development.'' Cambridge University Press {{Ia-lang-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR:* [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu]