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Languages Of Indonesia
Indonesia is home to over 700 living languages spoken across its extensive archipelago. This significant linguistic variety constitutes approximately 10% of the world’s total languages, positioning Indonesia as the second most linguistically diverse nation globally, following Papua New Guinea. The majority of these languages belong to the Austronesian language family, prevalent in the western and central regions of Indonesia, including languages such as Acehnese language, Acehnese, Sundanese language, Sundanese, and Buginese language, Buginese. In contrast, the eastern regions, particularly Western New Guinea, Papua and the Maluku Islands, are home to over 270 Papuan languages, which are distinct from the Austronesian family and represent a unique linguistic heritage. The language most widely spoken as a native language is Javanese language, Javanese, primarily by the Javanese people in the Central Java, central and East Java, eastern parts of Java Island, as well as across m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alor–Pantar Languages
The Alor–Pantar languages are a family of clearly related Papuan languages spoken on islands of the Alor archipelago near Timor in southern Indonesia. They may be most closely related to the Papuan languages of eastern Timor, but this is not yet clear. A more distant relationship with the Trans–New Guinea languages of the Bomberai Peninsula, Bomberai peninsula of Western New Guinea has been proposed based on pronominal evidence, but though often cited has never been firmly established. Languages The family is conventionally divided into two branches, centered on the islands of Alor Island, Alor and Pantar Island, Pantar. * Alor branch: Woisika language, Wosika, Abui language, Abui, Adang language, Adang–Kabola, Kafoa language, Kafoa (Jafoo), Kui language (Indonesia), Kui, Klon language, Klon, Wersing language, Wersing, Sawila language, Sawila, Kula language, Kula * Pantar branch: Blagar language, Blagar, Teiwa language, Teiwa, Kaera language, Kaera, Western Pantar language, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gayo Language
Gayo (alternatively rendered as Gajo) is an endangered Austronesian language spoken by some 275,000 people in the mountainous region of the Indonesian province Aceh on the Northern tip of the island of Sumatra, specifically around the Central Aceh, Bener Meriah and Gayo Lues regencies. It is classified as belonging to the Western Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian languages The Austronesian languages ( ) are a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan (by Taiwanese indigenous peoples). They are spoken ..., but is not closely related to other languages. Ethnologue lists ''Bukit'', ''Dëret'', ''Lues'', ''Lut'', and ''Serbejadi-Lukup'' as dialects. Gayo is distinct from other languages in Aceh. The art and culture of the Gayo people is also significantly different compared with other ethnic groups in Aceh. In 1907, G.A.J. Hazeu wrote a first Gayo� ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dayak Languages
The Dayak (; older spelling: Dajak) or Dyak or Dayuh are the native groups of Borneo. It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups, located principally in the central and southern interior of Borneo, each with its own dialect, customs, laws, territory, and culture, although common distinguishing traits are readily identifiable. The Dayak were animist (Kaharingan and Folk Hindus) in belief; however, since the 19th century there has been mass conversion to Christianity and to Islam. Etymology It is commonly assumed that the name originates from the Bruneian and Melanau word for "interior people", without any reference to an exact ethnic group. Particularly, it derives from a related Kenyah word for "upstream" (compare with ethnonym Lun ''Dayeh''). The term was adopted by Dutch and German authors as an umbrella term for any non-Muslim natives of Borneo. Thus, historically, the difference between Dayak and non-Dayak natives could be understood as a r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Muna–Buton Languages
The Muna–Buton languages are a group of languages spoken on the islands of Muna and Buton off the coast of South East Sulawesi province, Indonesia. They belong to the Celebic subgroup of the Austronesian family. Internal classification The ''Ethnologue'' classifies the Muna–Buton languages as follows, based on van den Berg (2003) and Donohue (2004):Mark Donohue. (2004). "The pretenders to the Muna-Buton group". In John Bowden and Nikolaus Himmelmann (eds.), ''Papers in Austronesian subgrouping and dialectology'', 21-35. Canberra: Australian National University. *Nuclear Muna–Buton **Buton ***East Buton: Lasalimu, Kumbewaha ***West Buton: Cia-Cia **Munan *** Busoa ***Munic **** Kaimbulawa ****Western Munic: Liabuku, Muna (Wuna), Pancana, Kioko *Tukangbesi–Bonerate: Tukang Besi, Bonerate In earlier classifications, Wolio, spoken in the city of Baubau (seat of the court of the former Sultanate of Buton) and its immediate surroundings, and Laiyolo, spoken in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Buru Language
Buru or Buruese (Buru: ) is a Malayo-Polynesian language of the Central Maluku branch. In 1991 it was spoken by approximately 45,000 Buru people who live on the Indonesian island of Buru (). It is also preserved in the Buru communities on Ambon and some other Maluku Islands, as well as in the Indonesian capital Jakarta and in the Netherlands. The most detailed study of Buru language was conducted in the 1980s by Australian missionaries and ethnographers Charles E. Grimes and Barbara Dix Grimes. Dialects Three dialects of Buru can be distinguished, each of which is used by its corresponding ethnic group on Buru island: Rana (named after the lake in the center of Buru; more than 14,000 speakers), Masarete (more than 9,500 speakers) and Wae Sama (more than 6,500 speakers). Some 3,000–5,000 of Rana people along with their main dialect use the so-called "secret dialect" Ligahan. The dialect of Fogi which once existed in the western area of the island is now extinct. Lexical simi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bima Language
The Bima language, or Bimanese (Bima: , Indonesian: ), is an Austronesian language spoken on the eastern half of Sumbawa Island, Indonesia, which it shares with speakers of the Sumbawa language. Bima territory includes the Sanggar Peninsula, where the extinct Papuan language Tambora was once spoken. ''Bima'' is an exonym; the autochthonous name for the territory is ''Mbojo'' and the language is referred to as ''Nggahi Mbojo''. There are over half a million Bima speakers. Neither the Bima nor the Sumbawa people have alphabets of their own for they use the alphabets of the Bugis and the Malay language indifferently. Classification Long thought to be closely related to the languages of Sumba Island to the southeast, this assumption has been refuted by Blust (2008), which makes Bima a primary branch within the Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian subgroup. Distribution Bima is primarily spoken on the eastern half of Sumbawa Island in Indonesia Indonesia, officially the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betawi Language
Betawi, also known as Batavian, Jakartanese, is a creole language spoken by the Betawi people in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name. Batavian language is a popular informal language in contemporary Indonesia, used as the base of Indonesian slang and commonly spoken in Jakarta, TV show, Lenong (traditional betavian theatere) and some animated cartoons (e.g. ''Adit Sopo Jarwo''). The name "Betawi" stems from Jakarta, Batavia, the official name of Jakarta during the era of the Dutch East Indies. Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian, a vernacular form of Indonesian that has spread from Jakarta into large areas of Java and replaced existing Malay dialects, has its roots in Batavian language. According to Uri Tadmor, there is no clear border distinguishing Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian from Betawi language . Batavian language is still spoken by the older generation in some loca ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banggai Language
The Banggai language is the main language spoken by the inhabitants of the Banggai Archipelago off the island of Sulawesi Sulawesi ( ), also known as Celebes ( ), is an island in Indonesia. One of the four Greater Sunda Islands, and the List of islands by area, world's 11th-largest island, it is situated east of Borneo, west of the Maluku Islands, and south of Min .... It belongs to the Saluan–Banggai branch of the Celebic subgroup. Historically, Banggai was a spoken language without a long literary history. The earliest surviving manuscript in the Banggai language comes from the 19th century, the account of a Banggai fisherman who was sold into slavery by Maguindanaoan raiders in the 1860s-70s before escaping. Phonology Consonants * /s/ may also be heard as prenasal ��swhen after nasal sounds. * Other sounds like ʃ, dʒ, ɲare heard in loanwords from neighboring languages. Vowels * Vowels /e, o/ can also be heard as �, ɔin closed syllables. Reference ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Banda Malay
In addition to its classical and modern literary form, Malay had various regional dialects established after the rise of the Srivijaya empire in Sumatra, Indonesia. Also, Malay spread through interethnic contact and trade across the south East Asia Archipelago as far as the Philippines. That contact resulted in a lingua franca ("trade language") that was called ''Bazaar Malay'' or ''low Malay'' and in Malay ''Melayu Pasar''. It is generally believed that Bazaar Malay was a pidgin, influenced by contact among Malay, Hokkien, Portuguese, and Dutch traders. Besides the general simplification that occurs with pidgins, the Malay lingua franca had several distinctive characteristics. One was that possessives were formed with ''punya'' 'its owner, to have'; another was that plural pronouns were formed with ''orang'' 'person'. The only Malayic affixes that remained productive were ''tər-'' and ''bər-''. Other common features: *''Ada'' became a progressive particle. *Reduced forms ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sama-Bajaw Languages
The Sama-Bajau include several Austronesian ethnic groups of Maritime Southeast Asia. The name collectively refers to related people who usually call themselves the Sama or Samah (formally A'a Sama, "Sama people"); or are known by the exonym Bajau (, also spelled Badjao, Bajaw, Badjau, Badjaw, Bajo or Bayao). They usually live a seaborne lifestyle and use small wooden sailing vessels such as the '' perahu'' (''layag'' in Maranao), ''djenging'' (''balutu''), '' lepa'', and ''vinta'' (''pilang''). They also use medium-sized vessels like the '' jungkung'', ''timbawan'' and small fishing vessels like ''biduk'' and '' bogo-katik''. Some Sama-Bajau groups native to Sabah are also known for their traditional horse culture. The Sama-Bajau are the dominant ethnic group of the islands of Tawi-Tawi. They are also found in other islands of the Sulu Archipelago, coastal areas of Mindanao and other islands in the southern Philippines; as well as northern and eastern Borneo, Sulawesi, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
