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Izhevsk Machine-building Plant Products
Izhevsk or Ijevsk (, ; , or ) is the capital city of Udmurtia, Russia. It is situated along the Izh (river), Izh River, west of the Ural Mountains in Eastern Europe. It is the List of cities and towns in Russia by population, 21st-largest city in Russia, and the most populous in Udmurtia, with over 600,000 inhabitants. From 1984 to 1987, the city was called Ustinov (), named after Minister of Defence (Soviet Union), Soviet Minister of Defence Dmitry Ustinov.Izhlife.ruКак Ижевск 900 дней был Устиновым The city is a major hub of industry, commerce, politics, culture and education in the Volga Region. It is known for its Defense industry of Russia, defense, engineering and Metallurgy of Russia, metallurgy industries. Izhevsk has the titles of the Armory Capital of Russia and the City of Labor Glory. History Pioneer settlements The pioneer settlements on the territory where modern Izhevsk now stands were founded by Udmurt people, Udmurts in the 5th century ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Udmurt Republic
Udmurtia, officially the Udmurt Republic, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is administratively part of the Volga Federal District. Its capital is the city of Izhevsk. It was established as the Udmurt (until 1931 — Votskaya) Autonomous Region on November 4, 1920. Name The name ''Udmurt'' comes from ('meadow people'), where the first part represents the Permic root or ('meadow, glade, turf, greenery'). This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which the Udmurts are referred to as ('meadow people'), alongside the traditional Russian name . The second part means 'person' (cf. Komi , Mari ). It is probably an early borrowing from a Scythian language: or ('person, man'; Sanskrit: Manus or Manushya), which is thought to have been borrowed from the Indo-Aryan term ('man, mortal, one who is bound to die'. cf. Old Indic ('young warrior') and ('chariot warrior'), both connected specifically with horses and chariots. The Indo-Europeanists T ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Khanate Of Kazan
The Khanate of Kazan was a Tatar state that occupied the territory of the former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan, Mari El, Chuvashia, Mordovia, and parts of Udmurtia and Bashkortostan; its capital was the city of Kazan. It was one of the successor states of the Golden Horde (Mongol state), and it came to an end when it was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia. Geography and population The territory of the Khanate comprised the Muslim Bulgar-populated lands of the Bolğar, Cükätäw, Kazan, and Qaşan duchies and other regions that originally belonged to Volga Bulgaria. The Volga, Kama and Vyatka were the main rivers of the khanate, as well as the major trade ways. The majority of the population were Kazan Tatars. Their self-identity was not restricted to Tatars; many identified themselves simply as Muslims or as "the people of Kazan". Islam was the state religion. The local feudal nobility consisted of ethnic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cast Iron
Cast iron is a class of iron–carbon alloys with a carbon content of more than 2% and silicon content around 1–3%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloying elements determine the form in which its carbon appears: Cast iron#White cast iron, white cast iron has its carbon combined into an iron carbide named cementite, which is very hard, but brittle, as it allows cracks to pass straight through; Grey iron, grey cast iron has graphite flakes which deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks, and Ductile iron, ductile cast iron has spherical graphite "nodules" which stop the crack from further progressing. Carbon (C), ranging from 1.8 to 4 wt%, and silicon (Si), 1–3 wt%, are the main alloying elements of cast iron. Iron alloys with lower carbon content are known as steel. Cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable iron, malleable cast irons. With its relatively low melting point, g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Steam
Steam is water vapor, often mixed with air or an aerosol of liquid water droplets. This may occur due to evaporation or due to boiling, where heat is applied until water reaches the enthalpy of vaporization. Saturated or superheated steam is invisible; however, wet steam, a visible mist or aerosol of water droplets, is often referred to as "steam". When liquid water becomes steam, it increases in volume by 1,700 times at standard temperature and pressure; this change in volume can be converted into work (physics), mechanical work by steam engines such as reciprocating engine, reciprocating piston type engines and steam turbines, which are a sub-group of steam engines. Piston type steam engines played a central role in the Industrial Revolution and modern steam turbines are used to generate more than 80% of the world's electricity. If liquid water comes in contact with a very hot surface or depressurizes quickly below its vapor pressure, vapour pressure, it can create a steam exp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ironworks
An ironworks or iron works is an industrial plant where iron is smelted and where heavy iron and steel products are made. The term is both singular and plural, i.e. the singular of ''ironworks'' is ''ironworks''. Ironworks succeeded bloomeries when blast furnaces replaced former methods. An integrated ironworks in the 19th century usually included one or more blast furnaces and a number of puddling furnaces or a foundry with or without other kinds of ironworks. After the invention of the Bessemer process, converters became widespread, and the appellation steelworks replaced ironworks. The processes carried at ironworks are usually described as ferrous metallurgy, but the term siderurgy is also occasionally used. This is derived from the Greek words ''sideros'' - iron and ''ergon'' or ''ergos'' - work. This is an unusual term in English, and it is best regarded as an anglicisation of a term used in French, Spanish, and other Romance languages. Historically, it is comm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elizabeth Of Russia
Elizabeth or Elizaveta Petrovna (; ) was Empress of Russia from 1741 until her death in 1762. She remains one of the most popular List of Russian rulers, Russian monarchs because of her decision not to execute a single person during her reign, her numerous construction projects, and her strong opposition to Prussian policies. She was the last person on the agnatic line of the Romanovs as Peter III of Russia, her nephew ascended, thus creating the house of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov. The second-eldest daughter of Tsar Peter the Great (), Elizabeth lived through the confused successions of her father's descendants following her half-brother Alexei Petrovich, Tsarevich of Russia, Alexei's death in 1718. The throne first passed to her mother Catherine I of Russia (), then to her nephew Peter II of Russia, Peter II, who died in 1730 and was succeeded by Elizabeth's first cousin Anna of Russia, Anna (). After the brief rule of Anna's infant great-nephew, Ivan VI of Russia, Ivan VI, Eliz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Upper Kama Upland
Upper Kama Upland () is an elevation in the headwaters of Kama and Cheptsa rivers, located on the area of Udmurt Republic, Perm Krai and Kirov Oblast, Russia. On the east slopes start such right tributaries of Kama River as Kosa, Inva and Obva; on the other side of the watershed is the source of Kama. The height of the relief in the most elevated part of the upland reaches 300–335 m (highest point in mount Krasnoyar (Kirov Oblast'), 337 m). Average elevations are 240–280 m. The upland has a boreal climate (Köppen Köppen is a German surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Bernd Köppen (1951–2014), German pianist and composer * Carl Köppen (1833-1907), German military advisor in Meiji era Japan * Edlef Köppen (1893–1939), German author ...: Dfc, bordering on Dfb). The average temperature for January is about -15-16°C, for July is about +16+17°C, and the annual temperature is about 0+1°C. The annual precipitation is 550–650 mm. There are oil r ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urals
The Ural Mountains ( ),; , ; , or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural (river), Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.Ural Mountains , Encyclopædia Britannica on-line The mountain range forms part of the Boundaries between the continents of Earth, conventional boundary between the continents of Europe and Asia, marking the separation between European Russia and Siberia. Vaygach Island and the islands of Novaya Zemlya form a further continuation of the chain to the north into the Arctic Ocean. The average altitudes of the Urals are around , the highest point being Mount Narodnaya, which reaches a height of . The mountains lie within the Ural (region), Ural geographical region and significantl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter Ivanovich Shuvalov
Count Peter Ivanovich Shuvalov (; 1711 – ) was a Russian statesman and Field Marshal who, together with his brother Aleksandr Shuvalov, paved the way for the elevation of the Shuvalov family to the highest offices of the Russian Empire. He is also remembered as the founder of Izhevsk, the capital of Udmurtia. Pyotr Shuvalov began his career as a page at the court of tsesarevna Elizabeth. He was brought to tsesarevna's attention when he married her close friend and in-law, Mavra Shepeleva. For his assistance in the enthronement of Elizabeth, he was promoted to the rank of Chamberlain, then appointed senator and became a count in 1746. Initially, he was in charge of an army division stationed near St.Petersburg and then the Observation Corps, formed by Shuvalov himself and designated to protect the rear of the regular army. He also held the post of a conference minister and managed the artillery and weapons chancelleries. Shuvalov improved the Russian artillery and bui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peter The Great
Peter I (, ; – ), better known as Peter the Great, was the Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Prince of all Russia, Tsar of all Russia from 1682 and the first Emperor of Russia, Emperor of all Russia from 1721 until his death in 1725. He reigned jointly with his half-brother Ivan V of Russia, Ivan V until 1696. From this year, Peter was an Absolute monarchy, absolute monarch, an autocrat who remained the ultimate authority and organized a well-ordered police state. Much of Peter's reign was consumed by lengthy wars against the Ottoman Empire, Ottoman and Swedish Empire, Swedish empires. His Azov campaigns were followed by the foundation of the Imperial Russian Navy, Russian Navy; after his victory in the Great Northern War, Russia annexed a Treaty of Nystad, significant portion of the eastern Baltic Sea, Baltic coastline and was officially renamed from a Tsardom of Russia, tsardom to an Russian Empire, empire. Peter led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Quit-rent
Quit rent, quit-rent, or quitrent is a tax or land tax imposed on occupants of freehold or leased land in lieu of services to a higher landowning authority, usually a government or its assigns. Under English feudal law, the payment of quit rent (Latin ''Quietus Redditus'', pl. ''Redditus Quieti'') freed the tenant of a holding from the obligation to perform such other services as were obligatory under feudal tenure, or freed the occupier of the land from the burden of having others use their own distinct rights that affected the land (e.g. hunting rights which would have hindered farming). Thus, it was a payment for distinct rights that were connected with the full enjoyment of the land but not parcelled up in the ownership of the land. Formally, it was a sort of buy-back rather than a tax. A tax can be varied by the taxer; and if not paid there are penalties that can be varied by the taxer without formal limit. In contrast, the only sanction for not paying a feudal quit rent w ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Morza
Morza (plural ''morzalar''; from Persian language, Persian ''Mirza (noble), mirza'') is a Princely title in Tatars, Tatar states, such as Khanate of Kazan, Khanate of Astrakhan and others, and in Russia. After the fall of Kazan some morzalar joined Russian service. Some morzalar lost their landownerships and became tradesmen. In the Russian Empire morzalar gained equal rights with Russian nobility. After the October Revolution the majority of morzalar emigrated. Today the Assembly of Tatar Morzalar unites the rest of survived morzalar. See also *Enikeev *Mirza (noble), Mirza References Tatar nobility Russian nobility, Noble titles {{surname-stub no:Morza ru:Мурза tt:Морза zh:穆尔扎 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
