|
First Carlist War
The First Carlist War was a civil war in Spain from 1833 to 1840, the first of three Carlist Wars. It was fought between two factions over the succession to the throne and the nature of the Monarchy of Spain, Spanish monarchy: the conservative and devolutionist supporters of the late king's brother, Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, Carlos de Borbón (or ''Carlos V''), became known as Carlism, Carlists (''carlistas''), while the progressive and centralist supporters of the regent, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies, Maria Christina, acting for Isabella II of Spain, were called Liberals (''liberales''), ''cristinos'' or ''isabelinos''. Aside from being a war of succession about the question who the rightful successor to King Ferdinand VII of Spain was, the Carlists' goal was the return to an absolute monarchy, while the Liberals sought to defend the constitutional monarchy. It was the largest and most deadly civil war in nineteenth-century Europe and fought by more men than the Pe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberalism In Europe
Liberalism in Europe is a political movement that supports a broad tradition of individual liberties and constitutionally-limited and democratically accountable government. These European derivatives of classical liberalism are found in centrist movements and parties, as well as some parties on the centre-left and the centre-right. Most liberalism in Europe is conservative or classical whilst European social liberalism and progressivism is rooted in classical radicalism, a left-wing classical liberal idea. Liberalism in Europe is broadly divided into two groups: "Social liberalism, social" (or "left-") and "Conservative liberalism, conservative" (or "right-"). This differs from the United States, USA's method of dividing liberalism into "Modern liberalism in the United States, modern" (simply ''liberal'') and "classical" (or ''Libertarianism in the United States, libertarian'', albeit there is some disagreement), although the two groups are very similar to their European counterpa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Francisco Xavier Da Silva Pereira, 1st Count Of Antas
Francisco Xavier da Silva Pereira, 1st Count of Antas (14 March 1793 – 20 May 1852) was a Portuguese nobleman and a leading soldier of the period of the Liberal Wars. Life The son of a military family, he served in the Peninsular War against Napoleon as an officer in the first battalion of the '' Leal Legião Lusitana'', serving in the battles of Albuera, Bussaco, Nive, Nivelle, Salamanca, Vitoria, Orthez and Toulouse, for several of which he was decorated. He was prominent among those who opposed the absolutist government of the usurper Dom Miguel. He took part in the Chartist rebellion against Miguel at Porto in May 1828, and subsequently escaped to England to place himself under the authority of Dom Pedro, the ex-Emperor of Brazil, who was organizing resistance on behalf of his daughter, the legitimate Queen Maria II. In August, Silva Pereira sailed to Madeira as part of a contingent sent to strengthen the forces of the governor, José Travassos Valdez, who was h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Spain (1814–1873)
The history of Spain dates to contact between the List of the Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula, pre-Roman peoples of the Mediterranean Sea, Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula with the Greeks and Phoenicians. During Classical Antiquity, the peninsula was the site of multiple successive colonizations of Greeks, Punic people, Carthaginians, and Romans. Native peoples of the peninsula, such as the Tartessos, intermingled with the colonizers to create a uniquely Iberian culture. The Romans referred to the entire peninsula as Hispania, from which the name "Spain" originates. As was the rest of the Western Roman Empire, Spain was subject to numerous invasions of Germanic tribes during the 4th and 5th centuries AD, resulting in the end of Roman rule and the establishment of Germanic kingdoms, marking the beginning of the Spain in the Middle Ages, Middle Ages in Spain. Germanic control lasted until the Umayyad conquest of Hispania began in 711. The region became known a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Convention Of Vergara
The Convention of Vergara (, ), entered into on 31 August 1839, was a treaty successfully ending the major fighting in Spain's First Carlist War. The treaty, also known by many other names including the Embrace of Vergara (), was signed by Baldomero Espartero for the '' Isabelines'' (or "Constitutionalists") and Rafael Maroto for the Carlists. The two generals met at the hermitage of San Antolín de Abadiano near Durango, Biscay. The British commissioner Colonel Wylde attended as an observer, because of Britain's recent role as mediator in the conflict and the 1835 Lord Eliot Convention on prisoners of war, mainly to end the indiscriminate executions by firing squad that had been committed by both sides. Also present was Brigadier Francisco Linage, secretary to Espartero. Initially, negotiations were stymied by the matter of home rule (''fueros''), the specific institutional and legal framework of the Basque Country ( Basque Provinces and Navarre). Maroto had promised to d ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lord Eliot Convention
The Lord Eliot Convention, or simply the Eliot Convention or Eliot Treaty (), was an April 1835 agreement brokered by Edward Eliot, 3rd Earl of St Germans between the two opposing sides of Spain's First Carlist War. It had as its aim not to end the war itself but to end the indiscriminate executions of prisoners of war by firing squad that had been committed by both sides. Edward Eliot had become Secretary of Legation at Madrid on 21 November 1821 and was styled ''Lord Eliot'' in 1826. Executions During the First Carlist War, which began in 1833, Carlist prisoners who did not accept the Liberal Isabel II as their sovereign were executed by firing squad. Early Isabeline executions include that of Santos Ladrón de Cegama on October 14, 1833 at Pamplona. On December 4, 1833, Vicente Genaro de Quesada, captain-general of Old Castile, executed five Carlists by firing squad at Burgos. The prisoners were given four hours to prepare for death, though the archbishop of Burgos requ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlist Wars
The Carlist Wars (, ) were a series of civil wars that took place in Spain during the 19th century. The contenders fought over claims to the throne, although some political differences also existed. Several times during the period from 1833 to 1876 the Carlists—followers of Don Carlos (1788–1855), an infante, and of his descendants—rallied to the cry of "God, Country, and King" and fought for the cause of Spanish tradition ( Legitimism and Catholicism) against liberalism, and later the republicanism, of the Spanish governments of the day. The Carlist Wars had a strong regional component ( Basque region, Catalonia, etc.), given that the new order called into question region-specific law arrangements and customs kept for centuries. When King Ferdinand VII of Spain died in 1833, his widow, Queen Maria Cristina, became regent on behalf of their two-year-old daughter Queen Isabella II. The country splintered into two factions known as the Cristinos (or Isabelinos) and the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Portugal (1777–1834)
The history of the kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves, from the First Treaty of San Ildefonso and the beginning of the reign of Queen Maria I of Portugal, Maria I in 1777, to the end of the Liberal Wars in 1834, spans a complex historical period in which several important political and military events led to the end of the Absolutism (European history), absolutist regime and to the installation of a constitutional monarchy in the country. In 1807, Napoleon ordered the invasion of Portugal and subsequently the royal family and its entire court Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil, migrated to Brazil, Maria I of Portugal, Maria I declaring the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in 1815. This would be one of the causes for the declaration of Independence of Brazil, Brazilian independence by Pedro I of Brazil in 1822, following a liberal revolution in Portugal. The liberal period was stormy and short as Miguel of Portugal (Pedro's brother) supported an Abso ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carlism
Carlism (; ; ; ) is a Traditionalism (Spain), Traditionalist and Legitimist political movement in Spain aimed at establishing an alternative branch of the Bourbon dynasty, one descended from Infante Carlos María Isidro of Spain, Don Carlos, Count of Molina (1788–1855), on the Spanish throne. The movement was founded as a consequence of an early 19th-century dispute over the succession of the Spanish monarchy and widespread dissatisfaction with the House of Bourbon#Monarchs of Spain, Alfonsine line of the House of Bourbon, and subsequently found itself becoming a notable element of Spanish conservatism in its 19th-century struggle against liberalism, which repeatedly broke out into military conflicts known as the Carlist Wars. Carlism was at its strongest in the 1830s. However, it experienced a revival following Spain's defeat in the Spanish–American War in 1898, when the Spanish Empire lost its last remaining significant overseas territories of the Philippines, Cuba, Gu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Infante Sebastian Of Portugal And Spain
Infante (, ; f. ''infanta''), also anglicised as "infant" or translated as "prince", is the title and rank given in the Iberian kingdoms of Spain (including the predecessor kingdoms of Aragon, Castile, Navarre, and León) and Portugal to the sons and daughters (''infantas'') of the king, regardless of age, sometimes with the exception of the heir apparent or heir presumptive to the throne who usually bears a unique princely or ducal title.de Badts de Cugnac, Chantal. Coutant de Saisseval, Guy. ''Le Petit Gotha''. Nouvelle Imprimerie Laballery, Paris 2002, p. 303, 364–369, 398, 406, 740–742, 756–758 , . A woman married to a male ''infante'' was accorded the title of ''infanta'' if the marriage was dynastically approved (e.g., Princess Alicia of Bourbon-Parma), although since 1987 this is no longer automatically the case in Spain (e.g., Princess Anne d'Orléans). Husbands of born ''infantas'' did not obtain the title of ''infante'' through marriage (unlike most hereditar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Miguel Gómez Damas
Miguel Gómez Damas (5 June 1785 – 11 June 1849) was a Spanish Carlist general of the First Carlist War. Born at Torredonjimeno, in the province of Jaén, he served under the Carlist general Zumalacárregui and in 1836 undertook an unsuccessful military expedition against Liberal forces in various locations, including Asturias, Galicia, Extremadura, Andalusia, and La Mancha, but suffered defeats. He lost the battles of Villarrobledo and Majaceite. He died in Bordeaux, France. His manuscript account of the war was published in 1914 as ''Memorias militares'' by Lorenzo Sáenz y Fernández Cortina Lorenzo Sáenz y Fernández Cortina (1863–1939) was a Spaniards, Spanish politician and publisher. Politically he supported the Carlism, Carlist cause, though in the mid-1930s he assumed a somewhat dissident stand and co-led a faction known as ' .... External links Miguel Gómez Damas 1785 births 1849 deaths People from Torredonjimeno Carlists Spanish genera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vicente González Moreno
Vicente González Moreno (9 December 1778, Cádiz – 6 September 1839) was a Spanish general who supported the Carlists during the First Carlist War. He was appointed commander of Carlist forces after the death of Zumalacárregui. As a cadet, he participated in the Spanish War of Independence, achieving the rank of brigadier. He declared himself in support of the Carlist uprising in 1832. He was imprisoned but managed to escape to Portugal and join the retinue of Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, Don Carlos, with whom he traveled to England. He returned to Spain in 1835. He lost the Battle of Mendigorria in 1835. An enemy of Rafael Maroto, he opposed the so-called ''Convenio de Vergara'', the agreement that ended the First Carlist War. He fled to France but was assassinated by Carlist soldiers at Urdax on 6 September 1839. External links * Antonio Pirala. ''Vindicación del general Maroto y manifiesto razonado de las causas del Convenio de Vergara''. Urgoiti editor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rafael Maroto
Rafael Maroto Yserns (October 15, 1783 – August 25, 1853) was a Spanish general, known both for his involvement on the Spanish side in the wars of independence in South America and on the Carlist side in the First Carlist War. Childhood and early life Maroto was born in the city of Lorca in the Region of Murcia, Spain, to Margarita Isern, a native of Barcelona, and Rafael Maroto, a native of Zamora. His father was a military captain who held several important positions in civilian life, such as acting as an administrator for the ''Visitador de Rentas'' in Lorca. Maroto was baptized in the San Cristóbal parish church, where his baptismal certificate was preserved and later helped biographers clarify details of his family. During his childhood, he lived on the ''Calle Mayor'' (Main street) of the ''Barrio de San Cristóbal'', across from ''Plaza de la Estrella''. He married Antonia Cortés García, a Chilean, in 1816, and had seven children with her. Antonia and two of h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
