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Entolomataceae
The Entolomataceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. The family contains eight genera and 2250 species, the majority of which are in ''Entoloma''. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are typically agaricoid (mushrooms with gills), but a minority are cyphelloid. secotioid, or gasteroid. All produce pink basidiospores that are variously angular (polyhedral), ridged, or nodulose. Species are mostly saprotrophic, though a few are parasitic on other fungi. The family occurs worldwide. Taxonomy The family Entolomataceae was first introduced in 1972 by the Czech mycologists František Kotlaba and Zdeněk Pouzar to replace the earlier name Rhodophyllaceae. The latter, introduced in 1951 by Rolf Singer, is illegitimate because it is based on the illegitimate genus ''Rhodophyllus'' which includes (and is therefore a superfluous synonym of) the earlier and legitimate name ''Entoloma''. The family is well defined by its distinctive spore morphology, formed by a unique type of spore-wal ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Entolomataceae Genera
The mushroom genera in the family Entolomataceae collectively contain over 1500 species, the large majority of which are in ''Entoloma''. There have been many different classifications of this group, and so the table below includes not only genera which are supposedly current, but also other proposed genera whose names have been important. For instance several taxa such as ''Leptonia'' and ''Nolanea'' were defined as independent genera, and are still sometimes used as such, but in recent classifications they have been demoted to being subgenera of ''Entoloma''. Previously there was a view that Entolomataceae with angular (polyhedral) spores should be classified in genus ''Entoloma'', those with bumpy spores should be in ''Rhodocybe'', and those with longitudinally ridged spores should be put in ''Clitopilus''. However DNA studies in 2009 and 2017 have changed this situation for the ''Rhodocybe''/''Clitopilus'' group. Firstly ''Clitopilus'' was found to be a clade embedded within ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhodocybe
''Rhodocybe'' is a genus of fungi in the family Entolomataceae. Basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are agaricoid (gilled mushrooms) producing pink basidiospores that are unevenly roughened or pustular under the microscope. Species are saprotrophic and mostly grow on the ground, occasionally on wood. The genus is distributed worldwide. Taxonomy The genus was originally described in 1926 by French mycologist René Maire to accommodate agarics with pink spores that were roughened but not angular (as in the genus ''Entoloma''). In 2009, as a result of molecular research, based on cladistic analysis of DNA sequences, CoDavid et al. found that '' Clitopilus'' species form a clade nested within ''Rhodocybe'' species and proposed that these genera should be merged so that the new combined genus (called ''Clitopilus'' since it is the earlier name) would be monophyletic (a natural group). Additional research, however, showed that the core groupings of ''Clitopilus'' and ''Rhodocybe'' were both mon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rhodophana
''Rhodophana'' is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Entolomataceae. It originally described as a genus in 1947 by Robert Kühner, but the description was invalid until it was re-published in 1971, though as a subgenus of ''Rhodocybe''. It did not find favour as a genus until ''Rhodocybe'' was found to be polyphyletic and Kluting et al. resurrected the name in 2014 as part of a DNA-based reclassification of the family. ''Rhodophana'' is distinguished from other genera of the Entolomataceae because there are clamp connections and based on the structure of the cap skin. This genus has a thin outer cutis in a single layer merging into the main trama whilst other family members have a two-layer cap skin. The type species In International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature, zoological nomenclature, a type species (''species typica'') is the species name with which the name of a genus or subgenus is considered to be permanently taxonomically associated, i.e., the spe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entocybe
''Entocybe'' is a genus of agaric fungi in the family Entolomataceae. It was circumscribed in 2011 to contain several former ''Entoloma'' species having obscurely angular spores with 6–10 angles (some formerly classified as ''Rhodocybe''). Based on three locus DNA analysis, these species form a distinct, well-defined clade in the Entomolataceae that is basal to ''Entoloma''. The genus name, a combination of ''Entoloma'' and ''Rhodocybe'', alludes to similarities with species in those genera. '' E. melleogrisea'', found in a subboreal forest in Québec, Canada, was described as a new species in 2013. Unlike the mostly collybioid fruit bodies of most other ''Entocybe'' species, ''E. melleogrisea'' has a tricholomatoid stature. Species See also *List of Entolomataceae genera The mushroom genera in the family Entolomataceae collectively contain over 1500 species, the large majority of which are in ''Entoloma''. There have been many different classifications of this ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clitocella
''Clitocella'' is a genus of mushroom-forming fungi in the family Entolomataceae. It was circumscribed in 2014 with ''Clitocella popinalis'' as the type species. The generic name refers to its similarities and close relationship to the genera '' Clitopilus'' and '' Clitopilopsis''; the Latin word ''cella'', meaning "storage place", alludes to "taxa not belonging to ''Clitopilus'' or ''Clitopilopsis''". Species have caps with centrally placed stipes; the gills are decurrent, and crowded closely together with a smooth edge. Mushrooms produce a pink spore print. The spores have thin walls (less than or equal to 0.5 μm) that are cyanophilic (absorbing blue stain) and surfaces ornamented with minute bumps that can be seen in profile and face views. This surface ornamentation distinguishes ''Clitocella'' from ''Clitopilus'', which has longitudinally ridged spores. ''Clitopilopsis'', in contrast, has thicker spore walls (greater than or equal to 0.5 μm). See also *List of Aga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Clitopilus
''Clitopilus'' is a genus of fungi in the family Entolomataceae. The genus has a widespread distribution, especially in northern temperate areas. Although a 2008 estimate suggested about 30 species in the genus, a more recent publication (2009) using molecular phylogenetics has redefined the genus to include many former ''Rhodocybe'' species. Species *'' Clitopilus acerbus'' Noordel. & Co-David *'' Clitopilus albovelutinus'' (G. Stev.) Noordel. & Co-David *'' Clitopilus alutaceus'' (Singer) Noordel. & Co-David *'' Clitopilus amarellus'' (Cons., D. Antonini, M. Antonini & Contu) Noordel. & Co-David *''Clitopilus amygdaliformis'' Zhu L. Yang *'' Clitopilus angustisporus'' (Singer) Noordel. & Co-David *''Clitopilus ardosiacus'' (E. Horak & Griesser) Noordel. & Co-David *'' Clitopilus aureicystidiatus'' (Lennox ex T.J. Baroni) Noordel. & Co-David *''Clitopilus australis'' (Singer) Noordel. & Co-David *''Clitopilus azalearum'' (Murrill) Noordel. & Co-David *''Clitopilus balearicus'' (C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entoloma
''Entoloma'' is a genus of fungi in the order Agaricales. Called pinkgills in English, basidiocarps (fruit bodies) are typically agaricoid (gilled mushrooms), though a minority are gasteroid. All have salmon-pink basidiospores which colour the gills at maturity and are angular ( polyhedral) under a microscope. The genus is large, with almost 2000 species worldwide. Most species are saprotrophic, but some are ectomycorrhizal, and a few are parasitic on other fungi. The type, ''Entoloma sinuatum'', is one of several ''Entoloma'' species that are poisonous, typically causing mild to severe gastrointestinal illness. Taxonomy History In 1838 the Swedish mycologist Elias Magnus Fries classified all pink-spored, gilled fungi into "tribes" or "subtribes", placing those with a '' Tricholoma''-like shape and gills attached to the stem into tribe ''Entoloma''. The small subtribe ''Leptonia'' had convex fleshy membranaceous caps, the subtribe ''Nolanea'' were slender fungi with bell-sha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Entoloma Sinuatum
''Entoloma sinuatum'' (common name, commonly known as the livid entoloma, livid agaric, livid pinkgill, leaden entoloma, and lead poisoner) is a poisonous mushroom found across Europe and North America. Some guidebooks refer to it by its older scientific names of ''Entoloma lividum'' or ''Rhodophyllus sinuatus''. The largest mushroom of the genus of pink-spored fungi known as ''Entoloma'', it is also the type species. Appearing in late summer and autumn, basidiocarp, fruit bodies are found in deciduous forest, deciduous woodlands on clay or chalky soils, or nearby parklands, sometimes in the form of fairy rings. Solid in shape, they resemble members of the genus ''Tricholoma''. The ivory to light grey-brown pileus (mycology), cap is up to across with a margin that is rolled inward. The sinuate gill (mushroom), gills are pale and often yellowish, becoming pink as the spores develop. The thick whitish stipe (mycology), stem has no annulus (mycology), ring. When young, it may be ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
František Kotlaba
František Kotlaba (20 May 1927 in Vlastiboř – 11 June 2020 in Prague) was a Czech botanist and mycologist. Scientific career After his degree in Natural Sciences and Pedagogy at the Charles University in Prague, Kotlaba received a post at the National Museum in Prague in 1957. From 1962 to 1990 he was a scientific employee of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic at Průhonice. Kotlaba was for a long time in the editorial staff of the journal ''Mykologické listy'' and was the author of several books, some of a popular scientific nature. Honours '' Kotlabaea'' which is a genus of fungi in the family Pyronemataceae was published by Mirko Svrček in 1969, was named in his honour. The mycological journal ''Česká Mykologie'', to which he made numerous contributions, dedicated an edition to him on the occasion of his eightieth birthday in 2007. Also in 2007, a genus of Polypores, ''Frantisekia'' was named after him. Research Kotlaba's main research areas were tax ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polyphyletic
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor. The term is often applied to groups that share similar features known as Homoplasy, homoplasies, which are explained as a result of convergent evolution. The arrangement of the members of a polyphyletic group is called a polyphyly .. [Source for pronunciation.] It is contrasted with monophyly and paraphyly. For example, the biological characteristic of warm-bloodedness evolved separately in the ancestors of mammals and the ancestors of birds; "warm-blooded animals" is therefore a polyphyletic grouping. Other examples of polyphyletic groups are algae, C4 photosynthesis, C4 photosynthetic plants, and Xenarthra#Evolutionary relationships, edentates. Many taxonomists aim to avoid homoplasies in grouping taxa together, with a goal to identify and eliminate groups that are found to be polyphyletic. This is often the stimulus for major re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Secotioid
Secotioid fungi produce an intermediate fruiting body form that is between the mushroom-like hymenomycetes and the closed bag-shaped gasteroid fungi, gasteromycetes, where an evolutionary process of gasteromycetation has started but not run to completion. Secotioid fungi may or may not have opening caps, but in any case they often lack the vertical geotropism, geotropic orientation of the hymenophore needed to allow the spores to be dispersed by wind, and the basidiospores are not forcibly discharged or otherwise prevented from being dispersed (e.g. gills completely inclosed and never exposed as in the secotioid form of ''Lentinus tigrinus'')—note—some mycologists do not consider a species to be secotioid unless it has lost ballistospory. Explanation of secotioid development and gasteromycetation Historically agarics and boletes (which bear their spores on a hymenium of gills or tubes respectively) were classified quite separately from the gasteroid fungi, such as puff-balls ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Monophyletic
In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of organisms which meets these criteria: # the grouping contains its own most recent common ancestor (or more precisely an ancestral population), i.e. excludes non-descendants of that common ancestor # the grouping contains all the descendants of that common ancestor, without exception Monophyly is contrasted with paraphyly and polyphyly as shown in the second diagram. A ''paraphyletic'' grouping meets 1. but not 2., thus consisting of the descendants of a common ancestor, excepting one or more monophyletic subgroups. A '' polyphyletic'' grouping meets neither criterion, and instead serves to characterize convergent relationships of biological features rather than genetic relationships – for example, night-active primates, fruit trees, or aquatic insects. As such, these characteristic features of a polyphyletic grouping ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
