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Demospongiae
Demosponges or common sponges are sponges of the class Demospongiae (from + ), the most diverse group in the phylum Porifera which include greater than 90% of all extant sponges with nearly 8,800 species worldwide (according to the World Porifera Database). Being siliceous sponges, they are predominantly leuconoid in structure with an endoskeleton made of a meshwork of spicules consisting of fibers of the protein spongin, the mineral silica, or both. Where spicules of silica are present, they have a different shape from those in the otherwise similar glass sponges. Some species, in particular from the Antarctic, obtain the silica for spicule-building from the ingestion of diatoms. The many diverse orders in this class include all of the large sponges. About 311 million years ago, in the Late Carboniferous, the order Spongillida split from the marine sponges, and is the only sponges to live in freshwater environments. Some species are brightly colored, with great va ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Porifera
Sponges or sea sponges are primarily marine invertebrates of the animal phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), a Basal (phylogenetics) , basal clade and a sister taxon of the Eumetazoa , diploblasts. They are sessility (motility) , sessile filter feeders that are bound to the seabed, and are one of the most ancient members of macrobenthos, with many historical species being important sponge reef , reef-building organisms. Sponges are multicellular organisms consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cell (biology) , cells, and usually have tube-like bodies full of pores and channels that allow water to circulate through them. They have unspecialized cells that can cellular differentiation , transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. They do not have complex nervous system , nervous, digestive system , digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sponge
Sponges or sea sponges are primarily marine invertebrates of the animal phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), a basal clade and a sister taxon of the diploblasts. They are sessile filter feeders that are bound to the seabed, and are one of the most ancient members of macrobenthos, with many historical species being important reef-building organisms. Sponges are multicellular organisms consisting of jelly-like mesohyl sandwiched between two thin layers of cells, and usually have tube-like bodies full of pores and channels that allow water to circulate through them. They have unspecialized cells that can transform into other types and that often migrate between the main cell layers and the mesohyl in the process. They do not have complex nervous, digestive or circulatory systems. Instead, most rely on maintaining a constant water flow through their bodies to obtain food and oxygen and to remove wastes, usually via flagella movements of the so-called " collar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sponge Spicule
Spicules are structural elements found in most sponges. The meshing of many spicules serves as the sponge's skeleton and thus it provides structural support and potentially defense against predators. Sponge spicules are made of calcium carbonate or silica. Large spicules visible to the naked eye are referred to as megascleres or macroscleres, while smaller, microscopic ones are termed microscleres. The composition, size, and shape of spicules are major characters in sponge systematics and taxonomy. Overview Sponges are a species-rich clade of the earliest-diverging (most basal) animals. They are distributed globally, with diverse ecologies and functions, and a record spanning at least the entire Phanerozoic. Most sponges produce skeletons formed by spicules, structural elements that develop in a wide variety of sizes and three dimensional shapes. Among the four sub-clades of Porifera, three ( Demospongiae, Hexactinellida, and Homoscleromorpha) produce skeletons of am ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Geodia Barretti
''Geodia barretti'' is a massive deep-sea sponge species found in the Boreal climate, boreal waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, and is fairly common on the coasts of Norway and Sweden. It is a dominant species in boreal sponge grounds. Supported by morphology and molecular data, this species is classified in the family Geodiidae. Morphology Source: External morphology Massive sponge, often irregularly lobate, whitish to light yellow color. The inside is light brown. Surface is smooth. Osculum, Oscules are grouped in more or less shallow depressions (= preoscules) while pores are spread over the whole body. There is a distinct cortex about 0.5 mm thick, it is made of ball-shaped Sponge spicule, spicules called sterrasters. Spicules Megascleres. * Oxeas (1000-5000 μm). * Dichotriaenes with rhabdomes up to 5000 μm long (more rarely orthotriaenes). * Anatriaenes. * Meso/protriaenes (rare). Microscleres. * Microxeas (190-900 μm), sometimes slight ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spongia Officinalis
''Spongia officinalis'', better known as a variety of bath sponge, is a commercially used sea sponge. Individuals grow in large lobes with small openings and are formed by a mesh of primary and secondary fibers. It is light grey to black in color. It is found throughout the Mediterranean Sea up to 100 meters deep on rocky or sandy surfaces. ''Spongia officinalis'' can reproduce both asexually, through budding or Fragmentation (reproduction), fragmentation, or sexually. Individuals can be Dioecy, dioecious or Sequential hermaphroditism, sequential hermaphrodites. The free-swimming larvae are Marine larval ecology, lecithotrophic and grow slowly after attaching to a benthic surface. Humans use and interact with ''S. officinalis'' in a variety of ways. Harvested sponges have been used throughout history for many purposes, including washing and painting. Overexploitation, Over-harvesting and sponge disease have led to a decrease in population. Sponge fishing practices have slowly cha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Siliceous Sponge
The siliceous sponges form a major clade of the phylum Porifera, consisting of classes Demospongiae (common sponges) and Hexactinellida (glass sponges). They are characterized by spicules made out of silicon dioxide, unlike calcareous sponges. Individual siliachoates (silica skeleton scaffolding) can be arranged tightly within the sponginocyte or crosshatched and fused together. Siliceous spicules come in two sizes called megascleres and microscleres. Systematics Most studies support the monophyly of siliceous sponges. The group, as a part of the phylum Porifera, has been named ''Silicispongia'' Schmidt, 1862 and ''Silicea'' Bowerbank, 1864. ''Silicarea'' is a proposed new phylum based on molecular studies of the phylum Porifera. It consists of the Poriferan classes Demospongiae and Hexactinellida. Some scientists believe that Porifera is polyphyletic/paraphyletic, and that some sponges, the Calcarea, are a separate phylum which was the first to diverge from the main line ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spongilla Lacustris
''Spongilla lacustris'' is a species of freshwater sponge from the family Spongillidae that inhabits rivers and lakes, often growing on logs or rocks. ''Lacustris'' is a Latin word meaning "related to or associated with lakes". ''Spongilla lacustris'' is a demosponge with a broad distribution ranging from North America to Eurasia. It is the most common freshwater sponge in Central Europe, is the most widespread sponge in Northern Britain, and is one of the most common species of sponges in lakes and canals. It has the ability to reproduce both sexually and asexually. They become dormant during winter. The growth form ranges from encrusting, to digitate, to branched, depending upon the quality of the habitat. Classification ''Spongilla lacustris'' is part of the class demosponges of the phylum Porifera. The Porifera phylum contains all sponges which are characterized by the small pores on the outer layer, which take in water. The cells in the sponge walls filter food from the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endoskeleton
An endoskeleton (From Ancient Greek ἔνδον, éndon = "within", "inner" + σκελετός, skeletos = "skeleton") is a structural frame (skeleton) — usually composed of mineralized tissue — on the inside of an animal, overlaid by soft tissues. Endoskeletons serve as structural support against gravity and mechanical loads, and provide anchoring attachment sites for skeletal muscles to transmit force and allow movements and locomotion. Vertebrates and the closely related cephalochordates are the predominant animal clade with endoskeletons (made of mostly bone and sometimes cartilage, as well as notochordal glycoprotein and collagen fibers), although invertebrates such as sponges also have evolved a form of "rebar" endoskeletons made of diffuse meshworks of calcite/silica structural elements called spicules, and echinoderms have a dermal calcite endoskeleton known as ossicles. Some coleoid cephalopods (squids and cuttlefish) have an internalized vestigial aragon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chondrocladia Lampadiglobus
''Chondrocladia'', the ping pong ball sponges, is a genus of carnivorous tree sponges of the family Cladorhizidae. '' Neocladia'' was long considered a junior synonym, but recently become accepted as a distinct genus. Thirty-three named species are placed in this genus at present, but at least two additional undescribed ones are known to exist, while some of the described ones are known only from a few specimens or (e.g. the enigmatic ''Chondrocladia occulta'') just a single one, and their validity and/or placement in ''Chondrocladia'' is doubtful. ''Chondrocladia'' sponges are stipitate, with a stalk frequently anchored in the substrate by rhizoids and an egg-shaped body, sometimes with branches that end in inflatable spheres. Fossils assignable to this genus are known since the Pleistocene, less than two million years ago. However, given its deep sea habitat, ''Chondrocladia'' may well have been around for much longer – it existed perhaps as early as the Mesozoic Era, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spongin
Spongin, a modified type of collagen protein, forms the fibrous skeleton of most organisms among the phylum Porifera, the sponges. It is secreted by sponge cells known as spongocytes. Spongin gives a sponge its flexibility. True spongin is found only in members of the class Demospongiae. Its molecular structure remains incompletely characterized, however it shares similarities with both collagen and keratin. Research directions Use in the removal of phenolic compounds from wastewater Researchers have found spongin to be useful in the photocatalytic degradation and removal of bisphenols (such as BPA) in wastewater. A heterogeneous catalyst consisting of a spongin scaffold for iron phthalocyanine (SFe) in conjunction with peroxide In chemistry, peroxides are a group of Chemical compound, compounds with the structure , where the R's represent a radical (a portion of a complete molecule; not necessarily a free radical) and O's are single oxygen atoms. Oxygen atoms are joi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Keratosa
Keratosa, the keratose sponges or horny sponges, is a subclass of demosponge Demosponges or common sponges are sponges of the class Demospongiae (from + ), the most diverse group in the phylum Porifera which include greater than 90% of all extant sponges with nearly 8,800 species A species () is often de ...s. Keratosa sponges are nonspicular demosponges with organic spongin fibers forming flexible skeletons. Recently discovered in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, these sponges contribute to reef structures in tropical regions. Preeti Antonetta Pereira, & Raghunathan, C. (2024)Three new records of Keratosa sponges (Demospongiae: Porifera) from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India ''Discover Oceans'', ''1''(1). References External links * Keratosaat the World Porifera Database Sponge subclasses {{Demosponge-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Heteroscleromorpha
Heteroscleromorpha is a subclass of demosponges within the phylum Porifera Sponges or sea sponges are primarily marine invertebrates of the animal phylum Porifera (; meaning 'pore bearer'), a Basal (phylogenetics) , basal clade and a sister taxon of the Eumetazoa , diploblasts. They are sessility (motility) , sessile .... Heteroscleromorpha has the most taxa of the demosponge subclasses, with an estimated 7500 species. References Sponge subclasses Taxa named by Nicole Boury-Esnault {{Demosponge-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
