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Crux Simplex
The term ''crux simplex'' was invented by Justus Lipsius (1547–1606) to indicate a plain transom-less wooden stake used for executing either by affixing the victim to it or by impaling him with it (''Simplex ..voco, cum in uno simplicique ligno fit affixio, aut infixio''). He thus distinguished two types of ''crux simplex'': the ''crux simplex ad affixionem'' and the ''crux simplex ad infixionem''. Lipsius contrasted the ''crux simplex'' (both variations) with the two-timber structure that he called a ''crux compacta'' (''Compacta Crux est, quae manu facta, idque e duplici ligno''), and that he subdivided into three types: '' crux decussata'' (X-shaped), '' crux commissa'' (T-shaped) and '' crux immissa'' (†-shaped). All these terms are of Lipsius's own invention and were not in use in ancient Roman times. The Latin word ''crux'' Latin ''crux'' meant generically "a tree, frame, or other wooden instruments of execution, on which criminals were impaled or hanged" and in p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
JUSTUS LIPSIUS 1594 De Cruce P 10 Torture Stake
Justus (died on 10 November between 627 and 631) was the fourth archbishop of Canterbury. Pope Gregory the Great sent Justus from Italy to England on a mission to Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England, Christianise the Anglo-Saxons from Anglo-Saxon paganism, their native paganism; he probably arrived with the second group of missionaries despatched in 601. Justus became the first bishop of Rochester in 604 and signed a letter to the Irish bishops urging the native Celtic church to adopt the Roman method of calculating the date of Easter. He attended a church council in Paris in 614. Following the death of King Æthelberht of Kent in 616, Justus was forced to flee to Gaul but was reinstated in his diocese the following year. In 624, he was elevated to Archbishop of Canterbury, overseeing the despatch of missionaries to Northumbria. After his death, he was revered as a saint and had a shrine in St Augustine's Abbey, Canterbury, to which his remains were Translation ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tertullian
Tertullian (; ; 155 – 220 AD) was a prolific Early Christianity, early Christian author from Roman Carthage, Carthage in the Africa (Roman province), Roman province of Africa. He was the first Christian author to produce an extensive corpus of Latin literature, Latin Christian literature and was an early Christian apologetics, Christian apologist and a polemicist against Heresy in Christianity, heresy, including contemporary Christian Gnosticism. Tertullian was the first theologian to write in Latin, and so has been called "the father of Latin Christianity", as well as "History of Christian theology, the founder of Western theology". He is perhaps most famous for being the first writer in Latin known to use the term ''trinity'' (Latin: ''trinitas''). Tertullian originated new theological concepts and advanced the development of early Church doctrine. However, some of his teachings, such as the Subordinationism, subordination of God the Son, the Son and Holy Spirit in C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hesychius Of Alexandria
Hesychius of Alexandria () was a Greek grammarian who, probably in the 5th or 6th century AD, compiled the richest lexicon of unusual and obscure Greek words that has survived, probably by absorbing the works of earlier lexicographers. The work, titled "Alphabetical Collection of All Words" (, ''Synagōgē Pasōn Lexeōn kata Stoicheion''), includes more than 50,000 entries, a copious list of peculiar words, forms and phrases, with an explanation of their meaning, and often with a reference to the author who used them or to the district of Greece where they were current. Hence, the book is of great value to the student of the Ancient Greek dialects and in the restoration of the text of the classical authors generallyparticularly of such writers as Aeschylus and Theocritus, who used many unusual words. Hesychius is important, not only for Greek philology, but also for studying lost languages and obscure dialects of the Balkans in antiquity (such as Albanoid and Thracian) and i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Impaling
Impalement, as a method of torture and execution, is the penetration of a human by an object such as a stake, pole, spear, or hook, often by the complete or partial perforation of the torso. It was particularly used in response to "crimes against the state" and is regarded across a number of cultures as a very harsh form of capital punishment and recorded in myth and art. Impalement was also used during times of war to suppress rebellions, punish traitors or collaborators, and punish breaches of military discipline. Offences where impalement was occasionally employed included contempt for the state's responsibility for safe roads and trade routes by committing highway robbery or grave robbery, violating state policies or monopolies, or subverting standards for trade. Offenders have also been impaled for a variety of cultural, sexual, and religious reasons. References to impalement in Babylonia and the Neo-Assyrian Empire are found as early as the 18th century BC. Methods L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Raymond E
Raymond is a male given name of Germanic origin. It was borrowed into English from French (older French spellings were Reimund and Raimund, whereas the modern English and French spellings are identical). It originated as the Germanic ᚱᚨᚷᛁᚾᛗᚢᚾᛞ (''Raginmund'') or ᚱᛖᚷᛁᚾᛗᚢᚾᛞ (''Reginmund''). ''Ragin'' ( Gothic) and ''regin'' ( Old German) meant "counsel". The Old High German ''mund'' originally meant "hand", but came to mean "protection". This etymology suggests that the name originated in the Early Middle Ages, possibly from Latin. Alternatively, the name can also be derived from Germanic Hraidmund, the first element being ''Hraid'', possibly meaning "fame" (compare ''Hrod'', found in names such as Robert, Roderick, Rudolph, Roland, Rodney and Roger) and ''mund'' meaning "protector". Despite the German and French origins of the English name, some of its early uses in English documents appear in Latinized form. As a surname, its first recorde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paul Wilhelm Schmidt
Paul Wilhelm Schmidt (born 25 December 1845 in Berlin; died 12 June 1917 in Riehen near Basel) was a German theologian who taught mostly in Basel. To this day he is considered one of the most important Swiss representatives of the liberal Protestant direction in theology and church at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. Life Paul Schmidt was the second oldest son of the first teacher at the French Cathedral School Berlin, Eusebius Schmidt and - like this one from Woldenberg in the Neumark - Auguste Meyer (1819-1871) and the brother of the Berlin grammar school professor Johannes E. S. Schmidt (1841-1925). Together with his four siblings, Schmidt grew up in the rooms of the French Cathedral, in whose rooms facing Jägerstraße his father had been assigned a company flat. He attended the French Cathedral School and then the French Grammar School, where he passed the school-leaving examination at the age of 16. His brother Johannes describes him as a highly gifte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hermann Fulda
Johann Julius Christian Hermann Fulda (14 May 1800 in Schochwitz near Halle – 25 February 1883 in Dammendorf) was a German Lutheran theologian and pastor in Dammendorf between 1827 and 1880. Biography He was the son of the pious vicar Christian Fulda (1768–1854). He began his education in a Latin school in Halle, then in 1819–1823 he studied at Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (), also referred to as MLU, is a public university, public research university in the cities of Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Halle and Wittenberg. It is the largest and oldest university in the German State o .... Until 1827, when he was ordained, he gave a lecture in a public school at a local orphanage. From 1827 to 1880 he was a pastor in Dammendorf. As a theologian, he represented original beliefs by questioning commonly accepted views. In 1878, on the basis of his research, in his book Das Kreuz und die Kreuzigung ("Cross and Crucifixion") he ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Frederick Zugibe
Frederick Thomas Zugibe (; May 28, 1928 – September 6, 2013) was the chief medical examiner of Rockland County, New York from 1969 to 2002. Zugibe was known for his research and books on forensic medicine as well as his crucifixion and Shroud of Turin studies. Life Zugibe was born in Garnerville, New York on May 28, 1928. He graduated from Haverstraw High School in 1946 and obtained a Bachelor of Science from St. Francis College. Zugibe earned a Master of Science degree (Anatomy/Electron Microscopy) from Columbia University, and a PhD in Anatomy and Histochemistry from the University of Chicago. In 1968, Zugibe received a Doctor of Medicine degree (M.D.) from West Virginia University. He was a diplomate of the American Board of Pathology in anatomic pathology and forensic pathology, and a diplomate of the American Board of Family Practice. Zugibe was an adjunct Associate Professor of Pathology at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and a Fellow of the C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Joseph Zias
Joseph E. Zias () was the Curator of Archaeology and Anthropology for the Israel Antiquities Authority from 1972 until his retirement in 1997, with responsibility for items such as the Dead Sea Scrolls, pre-historic human skeletal remains, and artifacts from archaeological sites such as Jericho, Megiddo, and Gezer. He has appeared often in film and television documentaries regarding such artifacts and the subject of the Historical Jesus, including ''The Mysterious Man of the Shroud'' for CBS, ''Who Killed Jesus'' on BBC in 1997 and ''Son of God'' on BBC in 2001, and is a frequent lecturer. Work Tomb of Absalom inscriptions In 2003, Zias and Émile Puech discovered two mid-4th-century inscriptions on the 1st-century monument known as the Tomb of Absalom, which support the concept known from Byzantine period sources that a tradition existed at the time, wrongly identifying the funeral monument as the tomb of James, the brother of Jesus; Zechariah, the father of John the Baptist; an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
