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Cracking
Cracking may refer to: * Cracking, the formation of a fracture or partial fracture in a solid material studied as fracture mechanics ** Performing a sternotomy * Fluid catalytic cracking, a catalytic process widely used in oil refineries for cracking large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules * Cracking (chemistry), the decomposition of complex organic molecules into smaller ones * Cracking joints, the practice of manipulating one's bone joints to make a sharp sound * Cracking codes, see cryptanalysis * Whip cracking * Safe cracking * ''Crackin, band featuring Lester Abrams * Packing and cracking, a method of creating voting districts to give a political party an advantage In computing: * Another name for security hacking; the practice of defeating computer security. * Password cracking, the process of discovering the plaintext of an encrypted computer password. * Software cracking, the defeating of software copy protection. See also * Crack (other) *Cracker ( ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cracking (chemistry)
In petrochemistry, petroleum geology and organic chemistry, cracking is the process whereby complex organic molecules such as kerogens or long-chain hydrocarbons are broken down into simpler molecules such as light hydrocarbons, by the breaking of carbon–carbon bonds in the precursors. The rate of cracking and the end products are strongly dependent on the temperature and presence of catalysts. Cracking is the breakdown of large hydrocarbons into smaller, more useful alkanes and alkenes. Simply put, hydrocarbon cracking is the process of breaking long-chain hydrocarbons into short ones. This process requires high temperatures. More loosely, outside the field of petroleum chemistry, the term "cracking" is used to describe any type of splitting of molecules under the influence of heat, catalysts and solvents, such as in processes of destructive distillation or pyrolysis. Fluid catalytic cracking produces a high yield of petrol and LPG, while hydrocracking is a major source of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Password Cracking
In cryptanalysis and computer security, password cracking is the process of guessing passwords protecting a computer system. A common approach (brute-force attack) is to repeatedly try guesses for the password and to check them against an available cryptographic hash of the password. Another type of approach is password spraying, which is often automated and occurs slowly over time in order to remain undetected, using a list of common passwords. The purpose of password cracking might be to help a user recover a forgotten password (due to the fact that installing an entirely new password would involve System Administration privileges), to gain unauthorized access to a system, or to act as a preventive measure whereby system administrators check for easily crackable passwords. On a file-by-file basis, password cracking is utilized to gain access to digital evidence to which a judge has allowed access, when a particular file's permissions restricted. Time needed for password searche ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fluid Catalytic Cracking
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products. The cracking of petroleum hydrocarbons was originally done by thermal cracking, now virtually replaced by catalytic cracking, which yields greater volumes of high octane rating gasoline; and produces by-product gases, with more carbon-carbon double bonds (i.e. alkenes), that are of greater economic value than the gases produced by thermal cracking. The feedstock to the FCC conversion process usually is heavy gas oil (HGO), which is that portion of the petroleum (crude oil) that has an initial boiling-point temperature of or higher, at atmospheric pressure, and that has an average molecular weight that ranges from about 200 to 600 or higher; heavy gas oil also is known as "heavy vacuum gas oil" (HVGO). In the fluid catalytic cracking ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cracking Joints
Joint cracking is the manipulation of joints to produce a sound and related "popping" sensation. It is sometimes performed by physical therapists, chiropractors, and osteopaths pursuing a variety of outcomes. The cracking mechanism and the resulting sound is caused by dissolved gas (nitrogen gas) cavitation bubbles suddenly collapsing inside the joints. This happens when the joint cavity is stretched beyond its normal size. The pressure inside the joint cavity drops and the dissolved gas suddenly comes out of solution and takes gaseous form which makes a distinct popping noise. To be able to crack the same knuckle again requires waiting about 20 minutes before the bubbles dissolve back into the synovial fluid and will be able to form again. It is possible for voluntary joint cracking by an individual to be considered as part of the obsessive–compulsive disorders spectrum. Causes For many decades, the physical mechanism that causes the cracking sound as a result of bending ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Whip Cracking
Whipcracking is the act of producing a cracking sound through the use of a whip. Used during livestock driving and horse riding, it has also become an art. A rhythmic whipcracking belongs to the traditional culture among various Germanic peoples of Bavaria ('' Goaßlschnalzen''), various Alpine areas (''Aperschnalzen''), Austria, and Hungary (Ostorozás). Today it is a performing art, a part of rodeo show in United States, a competitive sport in Australia and increasingly popular in the United Kingdom, where it crosses boundaries of sport, hobby and performance. Physics The crack a whip makes is produced when a section of the whip moves faster than the speed of sound creating a small sonic boom. The creation of the sonic boom was confirmed in 1958 by analyzing the high-speed shadow photography taken in 1927.American Physical Society (2002) Whip Cracking Mystery Explained'' 26 May 2002 Recently, an additional, purely geometrical factor was recognized: the tip of the whip moves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Software Cracking
Software cracking (known as "breaking" mostly in the 1980s) is an act of removing copy protection from a software. Copy protection can be removed by applying a specific ''crack''. A ''crack'' can mean any tool that enables breaking software protection, a stolen product key, or guessed password. Cracking software generally involves circumventing licensing and usage restrictions on commercial software by illegal methods. These methods can include modifying code directly through disassembling and bit editing, sharing stolen product keys, or developing software to generate activation keys. Examples of ''crack''s are: applying a '' patch'' or by creating reverse-engineered serial number generators known as '' keygens'', thus bypassing software registration and payments or converting a trial/demo version of the software into fully-functioning software without paying for it. Software cracking contributes to the rise of online piracy where pirated software is distributed to end-users ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Safe Cracking
Safe-cracking is the process of opening a safe without either the combination or the key. Physical methods Safes have widely different designs, construction methods, and locking mechanisms. A safe cracker needs to know the specifics of whichever will come into play. Lock manipulation Lock manipulation is a damage-free, combination-based method. A well known surreptitious bypass technique, it requires knowledge of the device and well developed touch, along with the senses of sight and possibly sound. While manipulation of combination locks is usually performed on Group 2 locks, many Group 1 locks are also susceptible. The goal is to successfully obtain the combination one number at a time. Manipulation procedures vary, but all rely on exploiting mechanical imperfections in the lock to open it, and, if desired, recover its combination for future use. Similar damage-free bypass can also be achieved by using a computerized auto-dialer or manipulation robot in a so-called brute-fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Packing And Cracking
Gerrymandering, ( , originally ) defined in the contexts of representative electoral systems, is the political manipulation of electoral district boundaries to advantage a party, group, or socioeconomic class within the constituency. The manipulation may involve "cracking" (diluting the voting power of the opposing party's supporters across many districts) or "packing" (concentrating the opposing party's voting power in one district to reduce their voting power in other districts). Gerrymandering can also be used to protect incumbents. Wayne Dawkins, a professor at Morgan State University, describes it as politicians picking their voters instead of voters picking their politicians. The term ''gerrymandering'' is a portmanteau of a salamander and Elbridge Gerry, Vice President of the United States at the time of his death, who, as governor of Massachusetts in 1812, signed a bill that created a partisan district in the Boston area that was compared to the shape of a myth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crack (other)
Crack frequently refers to: * Crack, a fracture in a body * Crack, a fracture (geology) in a rock * Crack, short for crack cocaine Crack(s) or The Crack may also refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media * ''The Crack'', first album by The Ruts * ''Crack'' (album), an album by Z-RO * Crack (band), a Spanish progressive rock group * ''The Crack'' (magazine), a free culture magazine covering the North East of England * ''Crack'' (magazine), a UK-based European music and culture monthly * Crack Movement, a Mexican literary movement * ''Cracks'' (album), an album by Nabiha * ''Cracks'' (film), a 2009 independent thriller Software * Crack (password software), a UNIX/Linux password hacking program for systems administrators * Software cracking, a computer program that modifies other software to remove or disable features usually related to digital rights management * No-disc crack, software to circumvent Compact Disc and DVD copy protection *Password cracking, the process of re ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Security Hacker
A security hacker or security researcher is someone who explores methods for breaching or bypassing defenses and exploiting weaknesses in a computer system or network. Hackers may be motivated by a multitude of reasons, such as profit, protest, sabotage, information gathering, challenge, recreation, or evaluation of a system weaknesses to assist in formulating defenses against potential hackers. Longstanding controversy surrounds the meaning of the term "hacker". In this controversy, computer programmers reclaim the term ''hacker'', arguing that it refers simply to someone with an advanced understanding of computers and computer networks, and that ''cracker'' is the more appropriate term for those who break into computers, whether computer criminals ( black hats) or computer security experts ( white hats). A 2014 article noted that "the black-hat meaning still prevails among the general public". The subculture that has evolved around hackers is often referred to as the "co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fracture
Fracture is the appearance of a crack or complete separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress (mechanics), stress. The fracture of a solid usually occurs due to the development of certain displacement discontinuity surfaces within the solid. If a displacement develops perpendicular to the surface, it is called a normal tensile crack or simply a crack; if a displacement develops tangentially, it is called a shear crack, slip band, or dislocation. #Brittle, Brittle fractures occur without any apparent deformation before fracture. #Ductile, Ductile fractures occur after visible deformation. Fracture strength, or breaking strength, is the stress when a specimen fails or fractures. The detailed understanding of how a fracture occurs and develops in materials is the object of fracture mechanics. Strength Fracture strength, also known as breaking strength, is the stress at which a specimen structural integrity and failure, fails via fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cracker (other)
Cracker, crackers or The Crackers may refer to: Animals * ''Hamadryas'' (butterfly), or crackers, a genus of brush-footed butterflies * '' Sparodon'', a monotypic genus whose species is sometimes known as "Cracker" Arts and entertainment Films * ''Crackers'' (1984 film), an American film starring Sean Penn * ''Crackers'' (1998 film), an Australian film * ''Crackers'' (2011 film), a Bollywood film Music * Cracker (band), an American rock band ** ''Cracker'' (album), the debut studio album by the American rock band Cracker, released on March 10, 1992 * ''Crackers'' (song), a 1980 song by Barbara Mandrell * '' Crackers: The Christmas Party Album'', an album by the British glam rock band Slade * The Crackers, a 1968 pseudonym of the band The Merseybeats Television * ''Cracker'' (British TV series), a television crime drama series ** ''Cracker'' (American TV series), the American remake of the British television series Other uses in arts and entertainment * Crackers (Cap ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
