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Costanoan
The Ohlone ( ), formerly known as Costanoans (from Spanish meaning 'coast dweller'), are a Native American people of the Northern California coast. When Spanish explorers and missionaries arrived in the late 18th century, the Ohlone inhabited the area along the coast from San Francisco Bay through Monterey Bay to the lower Salinas Valley. At that time they spoke a variety of related languages. The Ohlone languages make up a sub-family of the Utian language family. Older proposals place Utian within the Penutian language phylum, while newer proposals group it as Yok-Utian. In pre- colonial times, the Ohlone lived in more than 50 distinct landholding groups, and did not view themselves as a single unified group. They lived by hunting, fishing, and gathering, in the typical ethnographic California pattern. The members of these various bands interacted freely with one another. The Ohlone people practiced the Kuksu religion. Prior to the Gold Rush, the northern California regi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ohlone Languages
The Ohlone languages, also known as Costanoan, form a small Indigenous language, Indigenous language family historically spoken in Northern California, both in the southern San Francisco Bay Area and northern Monterey Bay area, by the Ohlone people. Along with the Miwok languages, they are members of the Utian languages, Utian language family. The most recent work suggests that Ohlone, Miwok, and Yokuts languages, Yokuts are branches of a Yok-Utian language family. Languages Ohlone comprises eight attested varieties: Awaswas language, Awaswas, Chalon language, Chalon, Chochenyo language, Chochenyo (also spelt as Chocheño), Karkin language, Karkin, Mutsun language, Mutsun, Ramaytush language, Ramaytush, Rumsen language, Rumsen, and Tamyen language, Tamyen. Overall, divergence among these languages seems to have been roughly comparable to that among the languages of the Romance languages, Romance sub-family of Indo-European languages. Neighboring groups seem to have been able t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Penutian Language
Penutian is a proposed grouping of language families that includes many Native American languages of western North America, predominantly spoken at one time in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. The existence of a Penutian stock or phylum has been the subject of debate among specialists. Even the unity of some of its component families has been disputed. Some of the problems in the comparative study of languages within the phylum are the result of their early extinction and limited documentation. Some of the more recently proposed subgroupings of Penutian have been convincingly demonstrated. The Miwokan and the Costanoan languages have been grouped into a Utian language family by Catherine Callaghan. Callaghan has more recently provided evidence supporting a grouping of Utian and Yokutsan into a Yok-Utian family. There also seems to be convincing evidence for the Plateau Penutian grouping (originally named ''Shahapwailutan'' by J. N. B. Hewitt and John W ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rumsen Language
The Rumsen language (also known as Rumsien, Rumsun, ''San Carlos Costanoan'' and ''Carmeleno'') is one of eight Ohlone languages, historically spoken by the Rumsen people of Northern California. The Rumsen language was spoken from the Pajaro River to Big Sur, California, Point Sur, and on the lower courses of the Pajaro, as well as on the Salinas River (California), Salinas and Carmel River (California), Carmel Rivers, and the region of the present-day cities of Salinas, California, Salinas, Monterey, California, Monterey and Carmel, California, Carmel. History One of eight languages within the Ohlone languages, Ohlone branch of the Utian languages, Utian family, it became one of two important native languages spoken at the Mission San Carlos Borroméo de Carmelo founded in 1770, the other being the Esselen language. The last fluent speaker of Rumsen was Isabel Meadows, who died in 1939. The Bureau of American Ethnology linguist John Peabody Harrington conducted very extens ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tamyen Language
The Tamyen language (also spelled as ''Tamien'', ''Thamien'') is one of eight Ohlone languages, once spoken by Tamien people in Northern California. ''Tamyen'' (also called ''Santa Clara Costanoan'') has been extended to mean the Santa Clara Valley The Santa Clara Valley (Spanish language, Spanish: ''Valle de Santa Clara'') is a geologic trough in Northern California that extends south–southeast from San Francisco to Hollister, California, Hollister. The longitudinal valley is bordered ... Indians, as well as for the language they spoke. Tamyen is listed as one of the Costanoan language dialects in the Utian family. It was the primary language that Natives spoke at the first and second Mission Santa Clara (both founded in 1777). Linguistically, it is thought that Chochenyo, Tamyen and Ramaytush were close dialects of a single language. See also * Ohlone tribes and villages in Santa Clara Valley * Tamien Station * Tamien, San Jose Further reading * Levy, Richar ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Ohlone Villages
Over 50 villages and tribes of the Ohlone (also known as Costanoan) Native American people have been identified as existing in Northern California circa 1769 in the regions of the San Francisco Peninsula, Santa Clara Valley, East Bay, Santa Cruz Mountains, Monterey Bay and Salinas Valley. The known tribe names and village locations of people who spoke the Costanoan languagesMilliken, 1995. are listed by regions below. In 1925, Alfred Kroeber, then director of the Hearst Museum of Anthropology, declared the tribe extinct, which directly led to its losing federal recognition and land rights. San Francisco Peninsula ''Languages spoken: Ramaytush,'' '' Tamyen on southern border'' Tribes and villages of the San Francisco Peninsula: # Ahwaste – the San Francisco Peninsula # Chiguan – Pacific Coast of San Francisco Peninsula vicinity of Half Moon Bay # Cotegen – Pacific Coast south of Half Moon Bay # Lamchin – present-day San Mateo County, Bay shore from Belmont south ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Awaswas Language
Awaswas, or Santa Cruz, is one of eight Ohlone languages. It was historically spoken by the Awaswas people, an indigenous peoples of California, indigenous people of California. The last speaker of Awaswas died in the 19th century, and the language has been extinct ever since. Linguists originally called the language Santa Cruz after the mission in the area, but it was renamed to Awaswas as part of a move in the late 1960s and early 1970s by graduate students at the University of California Berkeley to use native names for the Ohlone languages. 'Awaswas' is derived from the term , meaning 'north-people from there'. History The Awaswas lived in the Santa Cruz Mountains and along the coast of present-day Santa Cruz County, California, Santa Cruz County from present-day Davenport, California, Davenport to Aptos, California, Aptos. Awaswas became the main language spoken at the Mission Santa Cruz. However, there is evidence that this grouping was more geographic than linguisti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Utian Languages
Utian (also Miwok–Costanoan, Miwok–Ohlone or formerly Mutsun) is a family of Indigenous languages spoken in Northern California, United States. The Miwok and Ohlone peoples both spoke languages of the Utian language family. It has been argued that the Utian languages and Yokuts languages are sub-families of the Yok-Utian language family. Utian and Yokutsan have traditionally been considered part of the Penutian language phylum. All Utian languages are severely endangered, extinct or revitalizing. See also * Penutian languages * Miwok languages The Miwok or Miwokan languages (; ), also known as ''Moquelumnan'' or ''Miwuk'', are a group of endangered languages spoken in central California by the Miwok peoples, ranging from the Bay Area to the Sierra Nevada (U.S.), Sierra Nevada. There ar ... * Ohlone languages References * * * * * * * : (California). William C. Sturtevant, and Robert F. Heizer, eds. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. / 0160045754, pa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mutsun
Mutsun (also known as San Juan Bautista Costanoan) is a Utian language spoken in Northern California. It was the primary language of a division of the Ohlone people living in the Mission San Juan Bautista area. It initially went extinct in 1930 when the last speaker died, Ascencion Solórzano de Cervantes. The Tamien Nation and band is currently working to restore the use of the language, using a modern alphabet. Studies of the language Maria Ascención Solórsano de Garcia y de Cervantes, the last known fluent speaker of Mutsun, amassed large amounts of language and cultural data specific to the Mutsun. The Spanish Franciscan missionary and linguist Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta wrote extensively about the language's grammar, and linguist John Peabody Harrington made very extensive notes on the language from Solórsano. Harrington's field notes formed the basis of the grammar of Mutsun written by Marc Okrand Marc Okrand (; born July 3, 1948) is an American linguist. His p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kuksu (religion)
Kuksu was a religion in Northern California practiced by members within several Indigenous peoples of California before and during contact with the arriving European settlers. The religious belief system was held by several tribes in Central California and Northern California, from the Sacramento Valley west to the Pacific Ocean. The practice of Kuksu religion included elaborate narrative ceremonial dances and specific regalia. The men of the tribe practiced rituals to ensure good health, bountiful harvests, hunts, fertility, and good weather. Ceremonies included an annual mourning ceremony, rites of passage, and intervention with the spirit world. A male secret society met in underground dance rooms and danced in disguises at the public dances.Kroeber, Alfred L. ''The Religion of the Indians of California'', 1907. Among the Patwin and Maidu, Hesi developed as a subdivision of Kuksu distinguished by its female participation. Kuksu has been identified archaeologically by the di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chalon Language
The Chalon language is one of eight Ohlone languages, historically spoken by the Chalon people of Native Americans who lived in Northern California. Also called Soledad, it belongs to one of the Ohlone (or Costanoan) languages of the Utian family. It is poorly attested, the only documentation originating from wordlists in the 19th century and a fragment of a catechism. Recent work suggests that Chalon may be transitional between the northern and southern groups of Ohlone languages.Gordon 2005 Notes References * Kroeber, Alfred L. 1925. ''Handbook of the Indians of California''. Washington, D.C: ''Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin'' No. 78. (map of villages, page 465) * Merriam, C. Hart. ''Village Names in Twelve California Mission Records'', assembled and edited by Robert F. Heizer. Reports of the University of California Archaeological Survey Number 74. Department of Anthropology, University of California at Berkeley, 1968. * Milliken, Randall. ''A Time of Little Choic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chochenyo Language
Chochenyo (also called ''Chocheño'', ''Northern Ohlone'' and ''East Bay Costanoan'') is the spoken language of the Chochenyo people. Chochenyo is one of the Ohlone languages in the Utian family. Description and history Linguistically, Chochenyo, Tamyen and Ramaytush are thought to have been dialects of a single language, but Tamyen and Ramaytush are very poorly attested. The speech of the last two native speakers of Chochenyo was documented in the 1920s in the unpublished fieldnotes of the Bureau of American Ethnology linguist John Peabody Harrington. The final native speaker of the language was José Guzmán who died in 1934 in Niles, California. The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe, which (as of 2007) is petitioning for U.S. federal recognition, has made efforts to revive the language. As of 2004, "the Chochenyo database being developed by the tribe ... ontainedfrom 1,000 to 2,000 basic words." By 2009, many students were able to carry on conversations in the Chochenyo language. Thr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
California Genocide
The California genocide was a series of genocidal massacres of the indigenous peoples of California by United States soldiers and settlers during the 19th century. It began following the American conquest of California in the Mexican–American War and the subsequent influx of American settlers to the region as a result of the California gold rush. Between 1846 and 1873, it is estimated that settlers killed between 9,492 and 16,094 Californian Indians; up to several thousand were also starved or worked to death. Forced labor, kidnapping, rape, child separation and forced displacement were widespread during the genocide, and were encouraged, tolerated, and even carried out by American government officials and military commanders. The 1925 book ''Handbook of the Indians of California'' estimated that California's indigenous population decreased roughly from 150,000 in 1848 to 30,000 in 1870 and 16,000 by 1900. This decline was caused by a mixture of disease, low birth rates, s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
