Cornuspiroidea
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Cornuspiroidea
Cornuspiroidea comprise a superfamily of miliolid forams in which the test may be free or attached, planispiral or trochospiral, evolute or involute, spreading or discoidal. The proloculus, or initial chamber, is followed by undivided spiral passage or enrolled tubular chamber, later may be irregularly coiled, unicoiled, or show zigzag growth pattern and may be distinctly chambered. The test wall is composed of imperforate porcelaneous calcite, a character of the Miliolida The Miliolida are an order of foraminifera with calcareous, porcelacous tests that are imperforate and commonly have a pseudochitinous lining. Tests are composed of randomly oriented calcite needles that have a high proportion of magnesium along ... Families and genera in the Cornuspiroidea were removed from the Milioloidea where they appear in the Treatise Part C (Loeblich & Tappan 1964). References * A.R. Loeblich Jr and Helen Tappan, 1964. Sarcodina Chiefly "Thecamoebians" and Foraminiferida; Treatis ...
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Hemigordiopsidae
Hemigordiopsidae is a miliolid family included in the Cornuspiroidea that has a range extending from the Early Carboniferous ( Visean) to the present. Hemigordiopsids are characterized by tests in which the proloculus, or first chamber, is followed by an undivided tubular second chamber that is streptospirally coiled, (like a ball of string),at least in early stage, later may be planispiral, involute, or evolute. Two subfamilies are included, the Hemigordiopsinae and Shanitinae. The Hemigrodiposinae, which as the same range as that of the family, includes some seven genera, five of which were removed from the Cyclogyrenae in the Treatise (Loeblich & Tappan 1964), and one from the Nubeculariinae, same. Diagnosis is essentially that from the Hemigordiopsidae. The Shanitinae, known from the Upper Permian The Permian ( ) is a geologic period and System (stratigraphy), stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years, from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago ...
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Miliolida
The Miliolida are an order of foraminifera with calcareous, porcelacous tests that are imperforate and commonly have a pseudochitinous lining. Tests are composed of randomly oriented calcite needles that have a high proportion of magnesium along with organic material. Tests lack pores and generally have multiple chambers. Miliolids, which range from the Carboniferous to recent, are benthic Foraminifera abundant in shallow waters such as in estuaries An estuary is a partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. Estuaries form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environm ... and along coastlines, though they also include deepwater oceanic forms. References * External links * Tubothalamea Foraminifera orders Carboniferous first appearances {{foram-stub ...
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Foraminifera
Foraminifera ( ; Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are unicellular organism, single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class (biology), class of Rhizarian protists characterized by streaming granular Ectoplasm (cell biology), ectoplasm for catching food and other uses; and commonly an external shell (called a "Test (biology), test") of diverse forms and materials. Tests of chitin (found in some simple genera, and ''Textularia'' in particular) are believed to be the most primitive type. Most foraminifera are marine, the majority of which live on or within the seafloor sediment (i.e., are benthos, benthic, with different sized species playing a role within the macrobenthos, meiobenthos, and Benthos, microbenthos), while a smaller number float in the water column at various depths (i.e., are planktonic), which belong to the suborder Globigerinina. Fewer are known from freshwater or brackish conditions, and some very few (nonaquatic) soil species have been id ...
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Test (biology)
In biology, a test is the hard Seashell, shell of some spherical aquatic animals and protists, notably sea urchins and microorganisms such as testate foraminiferans, radiolarians, and testate amoebae. The term is also applied to the covering of scale insects. The related Latin term testa (botany), testa is used for the outer layer of the hard seed coat of plant seeds. Etymology The anatomical term "test" derives from the Latin word ''wikt:testa#Latin, testa'', which refers to an earthenware object, for example, a piece of pottery, a tile, or a potshard, and by extension, the mollusc shell, shell of a mollusc or a skull. Structure The test is a skeletal structure, made of hard material such as calcium carbonate, silica, chitin or composite materials. As such, it allows the protection of the internal organs and the attachment of soft flesh. The structure is notable for its Ambulacral, ambulacra, alternating in wide and narrow patterns. Small serrations, bumps, ridges or th ...
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Milioloidea
Milioloidea is one of five superfamilies belonging to the Miliolida, (suborder Miliolina in Loeblich & Tappan 1988). Milioloideans produce a coiled test, commonly with two, less frequently three or more, chambers per whorl arranged in varying planes about the longitudinal axis, which later may become involute or uncoil. Advanced forms may have secondary partitions within the chambers. Species within the Milioloidea are found in Upper Triassic (Norian The Norian is a division of the Triassic geological period, Period. It has the rank of an age (geology), age (geochronology) or stage (stratigraphy), stage (chronostratigraphy). It lasted from ~227.3 to Mya (unit), million years ago. It was prec ...) to recent marine sediments. References Further reading * * * Alfred R. Loeblich Jr and Helen Tappan, 1988. Forminiferal Genera and their Classification* External linksMiliolacea on www.itis.gov
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Treatise On Invertebrate Paleontology
The ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology,'' published from 1953–2007 by the Geological Society of America and the University of Kansas, then 2009–present by the University of Kansas Paleontological Institute, is a definitive multi-authored work of currently 55 volumes, written by more than 300 paleontologists, and covering every phylum, class, order, family, and genus of fossil and extant (still living) invertebrate animals. The prehistoric invertebrates are described as to their taxonomy, morphology, paleoecology, stratigraphic and paleogeographic range. However, taxa with no fossil record whatsoever have just a very brief listing. Publication of the decades-long ''Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology'' is a work-in-progress; and therefore it is not yet complete: For example, there is no volume yet published regarding the post- Paleozoic era caenogastropods (a molluscan group including the whelk and periwinkle). Furthermore, when needed, previously published vol ...
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Tubothalamea
Tubothalamea is a taxonomic class established for foraminifera Foraminifera ( ; Latin for "hole bearers"; informally called "forams") are unicellular organism, single-celled organisms, members of a phylum or class (biology), class of Rhizarian protists characterized by streaming granular Ectoplasm (cell bio ...ns with tubular chambers. Includes the porcelaceous and agglutinated Miliolida and the monocrystalline and agglutinated Spirillinida. It is one of two classes of multichambered foraminifera based on SSU rDNA molecular studies with consideration of major morphological trands, the other being the Globothalamea. References {{foram-stub Foraminifera classes ...
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