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Cordeliers
The Society of the Friends of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( ), mainly known as Cordeliers Club ( ), was a Populism, populist List of political groups in the French Revolution, political club during the French Revolution from 1790 to 1794, when the Reign of Terror ended and the Thermidorian Reaction began. The club campaigned for universal male suffrage and direct democracy, including the referendum. It energetically served as a watchdog looking for signs of abuse of power by the men in power. By 1793, it was challenging the centralization of power by Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety. They responded by arresting the leadership, charging them with conspiring to overthrow the Convention. The leaders were guillotined, and the club disappeared. History The club had its origins in the Cordeliers district, a famously radical area of Paris called, by Camille Desmoulins, "the only sanctuary where liberty has not been violated".Rachel Hammersley, ''French Revolut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Georges Danton
Georges Jacques Danton (; ; 26 October 1759 – 5 April 1794) was a leading figure of the French Revolution. A modest and unknown lawyer on the eve of the Revolution, Danton became a famous orator of the Cordeliers Club and was raised to governmental responsibilities as the French Minister of Justice following the fall of the monarchy on the tenth of August 1792, and was allegedly responsible for inciting the September Massacres. He was tasked by the National Convention to intervene in the military conquest of Belgium led by General Dumouriez, and in the spring of 1793 supported the foundation of a Revolutionary Tribunal, becoming the first president of the Committee of Public Safety. During the Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793, Danton changed his mind on the use of force and lost his seat in the committee afterwards, which solidified the rivalry between him and Maximilien Robespierre. In early October 1793, Danton left politics but was urged to return to Paris to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cordeliers Convent
There were several Cordeliers Convents (French: ''Couvent des Cordeliers'') in France. ''Cordeliers'' was the name given in France to the Conventual Franciscans. Cordeliers Convent in Paris The Cordeliers Convent in Paris is located 15 rue de l'École de Médecine in the 6th arrondissement of the capital. The Cordeliers Convent in Paris was built during the 13th century. It served as a school of theology, a care center and a church. It was nationalized in 1790 and became the home the eponymous Club of the Cordeliers, which held its first meetings there during the French Revolution. The group was evicted from the building on 17 May 1791. The building later housed the Dupuytren Museum of anatomy in connection with the school of medicine, until 2016. It became a monument historique in 1905. Burials at the convent in Paris * Arthur II, Duke of Brittany * Blanche of France, Infanta of Castile * Joan I of Navarre, Queen of France and Navarre * Marie of Brabant, Queen of Franc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Political Groups In The French Revolution
During the French Revolution (1789–1799), multiple differing political groups, clubs, organizations, and militias arose, which could often be further subdivided into rival Political faction, factions. Every group had its own ideas about what the goals of the Revolution were and which course France (and surrounding countries) should follow. They struggled to carry out these plans at the cost of other groups. Various groups played an important role, such as citizens' clubs, parliamentarians, governmental institutions, and paramilitary movements. * Royalists: the term most commonly given to a wide range of supporters of the Ancien Régime who sought to reverse most changes of the Revolution and restore the royal House of Bourbon and the Catholic Church to its pre-1789 authority. Some armed themselves and formed rebel armies, especially in Western France, under the name of Catholic and Royal Army (also called Chouans, see also the Chouannerie), the most important battleground bein ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean-Paul Marat
Jean-Paul Marat (, , ; born Jean-Paul Mara; 24 May 1743 – 13 July 1793) was a French political theorist, physician, and scientist. A journalist and politician during the French Revolution, he was a vigorous defender of the ''sans-culottes'', a radical voice, and published his views in pamphlets, placards and newspapers. His periodical ''L'Ami du peuple'' (''The Friend of the People'') made him an unofficial link with the radical Jacobin group that came to power after June 1793. His journalism was known for its fierce tone and uncompromising stance toward the new leaders and institutions of the revolution. Responsibility for the September massacres has been attributed to him, given his position of renown at the time, and a paper trail of decisions leading up to the massacres. Others posit that the collective mentality which made them possible resulted from circumstances and not from the will of any particular individual.#Lefebvre, Lefebvre, p. 236 Marat was assassinated by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hébertists
The Hébertists (, ), or Exaggerators (), were a radical revolutionary political group associated with the populist journalist Jacques Hébert, a member of the Cordeliers club. They came to power during the Reign of Terror and played a significant role in the French Revolution. The Hébertists were ardent supporters of the dechristianization of France and of extreme measures in service of the Terror, including the Law of Suspects enacted in 1793. They favoured the direct intervention of the state in economic matters in order to ensure the adequate supply of commodities, advocating the national requisition of wine and grain.Schama, 806 The leaders went to the guillotine on 24 March 1794. Rise to popularity The rise in power of the Hébertists can be largely attributed to the popularity of Hébert's newspaper, ''Le Père Duchesne''. This newspaper, which purported to present the frank opinions of Père Duchesne, a fictional working-class furnace-maker, had a large following a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Camille Desmoulins
Lucie-Simplice-Camille-Benoît Desmoulins (; 2 March 17605 April 1794) was a French journalist, politician and a prominent figure of the French Revolution. He is best known for playing an instrumental role in the events that led to the Storming of the Bastille. Desmoulins was also noted for his radical criticism of the Reign of Terror as the editor of the journal '' Le Vieux Cordelier''. He was a schoolmate and close friend of Maximilien Robespierre and a close friend and political ally of Georges Danton, who were the leading figures in the French Revolution. A lawyer by training, Desmoulins was enthralled by the Revolution from its outbreak. On 12 July 1789, shortly after Louis XVI dismissed his popular finance minister Jacques Necker, Desmoulins delivered an impassioned call to arms to a crowd before the Palais-Royal. His agitation sparked widespread unrest in Paris, which culminated in the Storming of the Bastille two days later. Through his newfound fame, Desmoulins qui ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Le Vieux Cordelier
''Le Vieux Cordelier'' () was a French journal published by Camille Desmoulins between 5 December 1793 and 3 February 1794 at the instigation of Georges Danton and warned not to exaggerate the revolution. Desmoulins argued that the French Revolution should return to its original ideas ''en vogue'' around 10 August 1792. Its radical criticism of ultra-revolutionary fervor and repression in France during the Reign of Terror contributed significantly to the downfall and execution of the moderate Dantonists. It comprised seven numbers, of which six appeared; the seventh remained unpublished for some forty years.Weber, 162 ''Le Vieux Cordelier'' was published twice a "décade" and sold very well. Camille Desmoulins Desmoulins was born 2 March, 1760, in Guise in Northern France. Desmoulins' role as a journalist led him to the production of ''Le Vieux Cordelier.'' He personally struggled in his attempts to become a lawyer; despite his acceptance in law school as well into the Parlem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jacques Hébert
Jacques René Hébert (; 15 November 1757 – 24 March 1794) was a French journalist and leader of the French Revolution. As the founder and editor of the radical newspaper ''Le Père Duchesne'', he had thousands of followers known as ''the Hébertists'' (French ''Hébertistes''). A proponent of the Reign of Terror, he was eventually guillotined. Early life Jacques René Hébert was born on 15 November 1757 in Alençon into a Protestant Huguenot family, to goldsmith, former trial judge, and deputy consul Jacques Hébert (died 1766) and Marguerite Beunaiche de Houdrie (1727–1787). Hébert studied law at the College of Alençon and went into practice as a clerk for a solicitor in Alençon, in which position he was ruined by a lawsuit against a Dr. Clouet. Hébert fled first to Rouen and then to Paris in 1780 to evade a substantial one thousand livre fine imposed for charges of slander. For a while, he passed through a difficult financial time and was supported by a hairdr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Mountain
The Mountain () was a political group during the French Revolution. Its members, called the Montagnards (), sat on the highest benches in the National Convention. The term, first used during a session of the Legislative Assembly, came into general use in 1793. By the summer of 1793, the pair of opposed minority groups, the Montagnards and the Girondins, divided the National Convention. That year, the Montagnards were influential in what is commonly known as the Reign of Terror. The Mountain was the left-leaning radical group and opposed the more right-leaning Girondins. Despite the fact that both groups of the Jacobin Club had virtually no difference with regard to the establishment of the French Republic, the aggressive military intentions of the rich merchant class-backed Girondins, such as conquering the Rhineland, Poland and the Netherlands with a goal of creating a protective ring of satellite republics in Great Britain, Spain, and Italy, and a potential war with Austri ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Robespierre
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (; ; 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) was a French lawyer and statesman, widely recognised as one of the most influential and controversial figures of the French Revolution. Robespierre fervently campaigned for the voting rights of all men and their unimpeded admission to the National Guard. Additionally, he advocated the right to petition, the right to bear arms in self-defence, and the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade. A radical Jacobin leader, Robespierre was elected as a deputy to the National Convention in September 1792, and in July 1793, he was appointed a member of the Committee of Public Safety. Robespierre faced growing disillusionment due in part to the politically motivated violence associated with him. Increasingly, members of the Convention turned against him, and accusations came to a head on 9 Thermidor. Robespierre was arrested and with around 90 others, he was executed without trial. A figure deeply ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre-François-Joseph Robert
Pierre-François-Joseph Robert (; 21 January 1763 – 13 April 1826) was a lawyer, politician and professor of public law at the société philosophique, journalist. He was born in Gimnée in the Prince-Bishopric of Liège and died in Brussels. Life Robert was secretary to Georges Danton for a time, and was above all interested in financial affairs, working as a munitions supplier to the French army until 1808. He was the son of Jean-François Robert and Catherine Douhomme. He married Louise-Félicité de Kéralio and their daughter, Adélaïde Robert, married the famous Belgian musicologist François-Joseph Fétis. In July 1790 he was one of the founders of the Cordeliers Club, and was also inscribed among the members of the Société des amis de la Constitution, the Société Fraternelle des Jacobins and the Club des indulgents. In April 1791, he became president of the Cordeliers and, under his influence, women were admitted. In May 1791, François Robert was in charge of f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liberté, égalité, Fraternité
(; French for , ), is the national motto of France and the Republic of Haiti, and is an example of a tripartite motto. Although it finds its origins in the French Revolution, it was then only one motto among others and was not institutionalized until the Third Republic at the end of the 19th century. (abridged translation, ''Realms of Memory'', Columbia University Press, 1996–98). Debates concerning the compatibility and order of the three terms began at the same time as the Revolution. It is also the motto of the Grand Orient and the Grande Loge de France. Origins during the French Revolution Some claim that Camille Desmoulins invented the phrase, in number 35 of ''Révolutions de France et de Brabant'', published on 26 July 1790. However, it is not confirmed as this is only the first official mention of the phrase. Speaking of the July 1790 Fête de la Fédération festival, he described "the citizen-soldiers rushing into each other's arms, promising each other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
