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Copper Chromite Catalyst
Copper chromite often refers to inorganic compounds with the formula . They are black solids. is a well-defined material. The other copper chromite often is described as . It is used to catalyze reactions in organic chemistry. History Copper chromite was first described in 1908. The catalyst was further developed by Homer Burton Adkins and Wilbur Arthur Lazier, partly based on interrogation of German chemists after World War II in relation to the Fischer–Tropsch process. For this reason it is sometimes referred to as the Adkins catalyst or the Lazier catalyst. Adkins was the first to incorporate barium into the structure, which prevents the catalyst from being reduced to an inactive form during hydrogenation reactions. Chemical structures The stoichiometry of the Laziar or Adkins catalyst is not well defined, thus the structure of their material is not defined either. The oxidation states for the constituent metals in Cu2Cr2O4 are Cu(II) and Cr(III). A variety of compos ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inorganic Compound
An inorganic compound is typically a chemical compound that lacks carbon–hydrogen bondsthat is, a compound that is not an organic compound. The study of inorganic compounds is a subfield of chemistry known as ''inorganic chemistry''. Inorganic compounds comprise most of the Earth's crust, although the compositions of the deep Mantle (geology), mantle remain active areas of investigation. All allotropes (structurally different pure forms of an element) and some simple carbon compounds are often considered inorganic. Examples include the allotropes of carbon (graphite, diamond, buckminsterfullerene, graphene, etc.), carbon monoxide , carbon dioxide , carbides, and salt (chemistry), salts of inorganic anions such as carbonates, cyanides, cyanates, thiocyanates, isothiocyanates, etc. Many of these are normal parts of mostly organic systems, including organisms; describing a chemical as inorganic does not necessarily mean that it cannot occur within life, living things. History ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ammonium Chromate
Ammonium chromate is a salt with the formula (NH4)2CrO4. It forms yellow, monoclinic crystals; made from ammonium hydroxide and ammonium dichromate; used in photography as a sensitizer for gelatin coatings. It is often used in photography, textile printing, and fixing chromate dyes on wool. It is also used as an analytical reagent, catalyst, and corrosion inhibitor. It is soluble in water, and, when applied, can cause irritation in the mucous membrane, eyes, respiratory tract, skin, etc. It may cause skin sensitization after prolonged contact. It is also known to be carcinogenic (cancer-causing), and it can cause tissue ulceration and injury to the liver and kidneys. GIDEON See also * |
Phenanthrene
Phenanthrene is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) with formula C14H10, consisting of three fused benzene rings. It is a colorless, crystal-like solid, but can also appear yellow. Phenanthrene is used to make dyes, plastics, pesticides, explosives, and drugs. It has also been used to make bile acids, cholesterol and steroids. Phenanthrene occurs naturally and also is a man-made chemical. Commonly, humans are exposed to phenanthrene through inhalation of cigarette smoke, but there are many routes of exposure. Animal studies have shown that phenanthrene is a potential carcinogen. However, according to IARC, it is not identified as a probable, possible or confirmed human carcinogen. Phenanthrene's three fused rings are angled as in the phenacenes, rather than straight as in the acenes. The compounds with a phenanthrene skeleton but with nitrogen atoms in place of CH sites are known as phenanthrolines. History and etymology Phenanthrene was discovered in coal tar in 1872 inde ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sebacic Acid
Sebacic acid is a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula . It is a white flake or powdered solid. ''Sebaceus'' is Latin for tallow candle, ''sebum'' is Latin for tallow, and refers to its use in the manufacture of candles. Sebacic acid is a derivative of castor oil. In the industrial setting, sebacic acid and its homologues such as azelaic acid can be used as a monomer for nylon 610, plasticizers, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, cosmetics, candles, etc. It can be used as a surfactant in the lubricating oil industry to increase the antirust properties of lubricating oils on metals. Production and reactions Sebacic acid is produced from castor oil by cleavage of ricinoleic acid, which is obtained from castor oil. Octanol and glycerin are byproducts. It can also be obtained from decalin via the a hydroperoxide, which rearranges to give a hydroxycyclodecanone, which dehydrates to give cyclodecenone, a precursor to sebacic acid. Sebacic acid has also been ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Acyloin Condensation
Acyloin condensation is a Redox, reductive coupling of two carboxylic esters using Impurity, impure metallic sodium to yield an α-hydroxyketone, also known as an acyloin. The reaction is most successful when ''R'' is Aliphatic compound, aliphatic and Saturated compound, saturated, and typically performed with a silyl chloride reactant to Trapping (chemistry), trap the product as a Silyl enol ether, disilyl enediol ether. The reaction is performed in aprotic solvents with a high boiling point, such as benzene and toluene, in an Inert atmosphere technique, oxygen-free atmosphere (as even traces of oxygen interfere with the reaction path and reduce the yield). Protic solvents effect the Bouveault-Blanc reduction, Bouveault-Blanc ester reduction rather than condensation. Independent of Concentration, dilution, acyloin condensation of a Diesters, diester favours intramolecular cyclisation (for all but the smallest rings) over intermolecular polymerisation. This effect is belie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
γ-Butyrolactone
γ-Butyrolactone (GBL) or ''gamma''-butyrolactone is an organic compound with the formula . It is a hygroscopic, colorless, water-miscible liquid with a weak characteristic odor. It is the simplest Γ-lactone, 4-carbon lactone. It is mainly used as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, such as N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone. In humans, GBL acts as a prodrug for Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, ''gamma''-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) and is often used as a Recreational drug use, recreational drug. GHB acts as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant with effects similar to those of barbiturates. Occurrence GBL has been found in extracts from samples of unadulterated wines. This finding indicates that GBL is a naturally occurring component in some wines and may be present in similar products. The concentration detected was approximately 5 μg/mL and was easily observed using a simple extraction technique followed by Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, GC/M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Diethyl Maleate
Diethyl maleate is an organic compound with the CAS Registry number 141-05-9. It is chemically a maleate ester with the formula C8H12O4. It is a colorless liquid at room temperature. It has the IUPAC name of diethyl (''Z'')-but-2-enedioate. Synthesis The material is synthesized by the esterification of maleic acid or maleic anhydride and ethanol. Uses One of the key uses for the compound is in production of the pesticide Malathion. It has also been used medically as a chemical depletory of glutathione. It has been studied extensively with regard to renal function. Other medical uses include treatment of breast cancer and its monitoring with Positron Emission Tomography. It is also used as a food additive and has Food and Drug Administration clearance for indirect food contact. In synthetic organic chemistry it is a dienophile and used in the Diels-Alder reaction. With the invention of polyaspartic technology the material also found another use. With this technology an amine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatty Alcohol
Fatty alcohols (or long-chain alcohols) are usually high-molecular mass, straight-chain primary alcohols, but can also range from as few as 4–6 carbon atoms to as many as 22–26, derived from natural fats and oils. The precise chain length varies with the source. Some commercially important fatty alcohols are Lauryl alcohol, lauryl, Stearyl alcohol, stearyl, and oleyl alcohol. They are colourless oily liquids (for smaller carbon numbers) or waxy solids, although impure samples may appear yellow. Fatty alcohols usually have an even number of carbon atoms and a single alcohol group (–OH) attached to the terminal carbon. Some are unsaturated and some are branched. They are widely used in industry. As with fatty acids, they are often referred to generically by the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, such as "a C12 alcohol", that is an alcohol having 12 carbon atoms, for example dodecanol. Production and occurrence Fatty alcohols became commercially available in the early 1900s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester
Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) are a type of fatty acid ester that are derived by transesterification of fats with methanol. The molecules in biodiesel are primarily FAME, usually obtained from vegetable oils by transesterification. They are used to produce detergents and biodiesel. FAME are typically produced by an alkali-catalyzed reaction between fats and methanol in the presence of base such as sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide or potassium hydroxide. One reason for using FAME (fatty acid methyl esters) in biodiesel production, rather than free fatty acids, is to mitigate the potential corrosion they can cause to metals of engines, production facilities, and related infrastructure. While free fatty acids are only mildly acidic, over time they can lead to cumulative corrosion. In contrast, their esters, such as FAME, are less corrosive and therefore preferred for biodiesel production. As an improved quality, FAMEs also usually have about 12-15 units higher cetane number tha ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Alcohol (chemistry)
In chemistry, an alcohol (), is a type of organic compound that carries at least one hydroxyl () functional group bound to a Saturated and unsaturated compounds, saturated carbon atom. Alcohols range from the simple, like methanol and ethanol, to complex, like sugar alcohols and cholesterol. The presence of an OH group strongly modifies the properties of Hydrocarbon, hydrocarbons, conferring Hydrophile, hydrophilic (water-loving) properties. The OH group provides a site at which many reactions can occur. History The flammable nature of the exhalations of wine was already known to ancient natural philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BCE), Theophrastus (–287 BCE), and Pliny the Elder (23/24–79 CE). However, this did not immediately lead to the isolation of alcohol, even despite the development of more advanced distillation techniques in second- and third-century Roman Egypt. An important recognition, first found in one of the writings attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan, J ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a compound derived from an acid (either organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group () of that acid is replaced by an organyl group (R). These compounds contain a distinctive functional group. Analogues derived from oxygen replaced by other chalcogens belong to the ester category as well. According to some authors, organyl derivatives of acidic hydrogen of other acids are esters as well (e.g. amides), but not according to the IUPAC. Glycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol; they are important in biology, being one of the main classes of lipids and comprising the bulk of animal fats and vegetable oils. Lactones are cyclic carboxylic esters; naturally occurring lactones are mainly 5- and 6-membered ring lactones. Lactones contribute to the aroma of fruits, butter, cheese, vegetables like celery and other foods. Esters can be formed from oxoacids (e.g. esters of acetic acid, carbonic acid ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
