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Contingency Theory
A contingency theory is an organizational theory that claims that there is no best way to organize a corporation, to lead a company, or to decision making, make decisions. Instead, the optimal course of action is contingent (dependent) upon the internal and external situation. Contingent leaders are flexible in choosing and adapting to succinct strategies to suit change in situation at a particular period in time in the running of the organization. History The contingency approach to leadership was influenced by two earlier research programs endeavoring to pinpoint effective leadership behavior. During the 1950s, researchers at Ohio State University administered extensive questionnaires measuring a range of possible leader behaviors in various organizational contexts. Although multiple sets of leadership behaviors were originally identified based on these questionnaires, two types of behaviors proved to be especially typical of effective leaders: ''(1) consideration'' leader behav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Organizational Theory
Organizational theory refers to a series of interrelated concepts that involve the sociological study of the structures and operations of formal social organizations. Organizational theory also seeks to explain how interrelated units of organization either connect or do not connect with each other. Organizational theory also concerns understanding how groups of individuals behave, which may differ from the behavior of an individual. The behavior organizational theory often focuses on is goal-directed. Organizational theory covers both intra-organizational and inter-organizational fields of study. In the early 20th century, theories of organizations initially took a rational perspective but have since become more diverse. In a rational organization system, there are two significant parts: Specificity of Goals and Formalization. The ''division of labor'' is the specialization of individual labor roles, associated with increasing output and trade. Modernization theory, Modernization ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jay Lorsch
Jay William Lorsch (born 1932) is an American organizational theorist and the Louis Kirstein Professor of Human Relations at the Harvard Business School, known for his contribution of contingency theory to the field of organizational behavior. Biography Born in St. Joseph, Missouri, Lorsch grew up in Kansas City, Missouri, where he graduated from the Pembroke Country-Day School in 1950. He received his Bachelor of Arts from Antioch College in 1955, his Doctor of Business Administration from the Harvard Business School in 1964, and started his academic career at the Harvard Business School in 1965. Together with Paul R. Lawrence, Lorsch was awarded the Academy of Management's "Best Management Book of the Year Award" in 1969 for their book "Organization and Environment". This book "added ''contingency theory'' to the vocabulary of students of organizational behavior."James I. Cash, Paul R. Lawrence, J. F. Nunamaker (1989) ''Harvard Business School Research Colloquium''. p. 68 H ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Journal Of Applied Social Psychology
The ''Journal of Applied Social Psychology'' is a monthly peer-reviewed academic journal An academic journal (or scholarly journal or scientific journal) is a periodical publication in which Scholarly method, scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. They serve as permanent and transparent forums for the .... The journal was established in 1971 by Professor Dr. Siegfried Streufert at Purdue University who edited the Journal for the first ten years. Its current editor-in-chief is Richard J. Crisp ( Aston University). The journal is devoted to applications of experimental research to the problems of society (e.g. health, safety, gender, law). It was published by Bellwether Publishing until 2006, when it was acquired by Wiley-Blackwell. According to the '' Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2016 impact factor of 1.231, ranking it 44th out of 62 journals in the category "Psychology Social". References External links * Wiley-Bl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
American Sociological Review
The ''American Sociological Review'' is a bi-monthly peer-reviewed academic journal covering all aspects of sociology. It is published by SAGE Publications on behalf of the American Sociological Association. It was established in 1936. It is along with '' American Journal of Sociology'' considered one of the top journals in sociology. The editors-in-chief are David Cort ( University of Massachusetts Amherst), Laurel Smith-Doerr ( University of Massachusetts Amherst), and Donald Tomaskovic-Devey ( University of Massachusetts Amherst). History Founding For its first thirty years, the American Sociological Society (now the American Sociological Association) was largely dominated by the sociology department of the University of Chicago, and the quasi-official journal of the association was Chicago's ''American Journal of Sociology''. The creation of the ''American Sociological Review'' has been seen as a rebellion against the dominance of the Chicago School in sociology. In 1935 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michel Crozier
Michel Crozier (6 November 1922, Sainte-Menehould, Marne – 24 May 2013, Paris) was a French sociologist and member of the ''Académie des sciences morales et politiques'' from 1999 until his death. He also was a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, a member of the American Philosophical Society, and a laureate of the Prix Alexis de Tocqueville (1997). Biography Michel Crozier did not become a sociologist by training. He became a sociologist because of a seminal experience in social analysis that was made possible by an American scholarship that he used to study the labor movement in the United States. After his initial training in business ( HEC Paris, 1943) and law, he spent fourteen months traveling across the US in the immediate post World War II years, interviewing labor union members and officials, getting to know the American labor movement and American society in general. Back in France, he published a book on this research and joined the French Natio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Outline Of Organizational Theory
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to organizational theory: Organizational theory – the interdisciplinary study of social organizations. Organizational theory also concerns understanding how groups of individuals behave, which may differ from the behavior of individuals. The theories of organizations include bureaucracy, rationalization (scientific management), and the division of labor. Each theory provides distinct advantages and disadvantages when applied. The classical perspective emerges from the Industrial Revolution in the private sector and the need for improved public administration in the public sector. Forms * Conglomerate * Community organization * Formal organization ** Articles of organization ** Corporate structure ** Self-regulatory organization * Functional organization * Informal organization ** Cooperative ** Non-governmental organization * International organization ** Intellectual property organization * Membe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leadership Style
A leadership style is a leader's method of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Various authors have proposed identifying many different leadership styles as exhibited by leaders in the political, business or other fields. Studies on leadership style are conducted in the military field, expressing an approach that stresses a holistic view of leadership, including how a leader's physical presence determines how others perceive that leader. The factors of physical presence in this context include military bearing, physical fitness, confidence, and resilience. A leader's conceptual abilities include agility, judgment, innovation, interpersonal tact, and domain knowledge. Leaders are characterized as individuals who have differential influence over the setting of goals, logistics for coordination, monitoring of effort, and rewards and punishment of group members. Domain knowledge encompasses tactical and technical knowledge as well as cultural and geopoliti ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trait Leadership
Trait leadership is defined as integrated patterns of personal characteristics that reflect a range of individual differences and foster consistent leader effectiveness across a variety of group and organizational situations. The theory is developed from early leadership research which focused primarily on finding a group of heritable attributes that differentiate leaders from nonleaders. Leader effectiveness refers to the amount of influence a leader has on individual or group performance, followers’ satisfaction, and overall effectiveness. Many scholars have argued that leadership is unique to only a select number of individuals, and that these individuals possess certain immutable traits that cannot be developed. Although this perspective has been criticized immensely over the past century, scholars still continue to study the effects of personality traits on leader effectiveness. Research has demonstrated that successful leaders differ from other people and possess certain co ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Three Levels Of Leadership Model
The Three Levels of Leadership is a leadership model formulated in 2011 by James Scouller. Designed as a practical tool for developing a person's leadership presence, knowhow, know-how and skill. It aims to summarize what leaders have to do, not only to bring leadership to their group or organization, but also to develop themselves technically and psychologically as leaders. It has been classified as an "Leadership#Integrated psychological theory, integrated psychological" theory of leadership. It is sometimes known as the 3P model of leadership (the three Ps standing for Public, Private and Personal leadership). The Three Levels of Leadership model attempts to combine the strengths of older leadership theories (i.e. Leadership#Early Western history, traits, Leadership#Behavioral_and_style_theories, behavioral/styles, Leadership#Situational and contingency theories, situational, Leadership#Functional theory, functional) while addressing their limitations and, at the same time, of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Leadership
Leadership, is defined as the ability of an individual, group, or organization to "", influence, or guide other individuals, teams, or organizations. "Leadership" is a contested term. Specialist literature debates various viewpoints on the concept, sometimes contrasting Eastern world, Eastern and Western world, Western approaches to leadership, and also (within the West) North American versus European approaches. Some U.S. academic environments define leadership as "a process of social influence in which a person can enlist the aid and Peer support, support of others in the accomplishment of a common and Ethics, ethical task (project management), task". In other words, leadership is an influential Power (social and political), power-relationship in which the power of one party (the "leader") promotes movement/change in others (the "followers"). Some have challenged the more traditional managerial views of leadership (which portray leadership as something possessed or owned by ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Contingency Theories Of Leadership
The history of contingency theories of leadership goes back over more than 100 years, with foundational ideas rooted in the mechanical thought of Taylorism. Later, management science began to recognize the influence of sometimes irrational human perceptions on worker performance. This led to taxonomies of leadership behavior and to contingency theories to adapt leadership behavior to the situation. Scientific theory of management When all businesses were small, almost all were managed by the proprietor. Occasionally there might be a steward who would perform the task, but they acted much like a proprietor in thinking. Management and business leadership as a profession arose during the industrial revolution with the advent of businesses much too large to be managed by a single entrepreneur. Wren, Daniel A. (2005). ''The History of Management Thought'', p. 260, John Wiley. . With this profession a formal interest developed in labor relations, motivation of a work force, and effici ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decision-making Models
Decision-making as a term is a scientific process when that decision will affect a policy affecting an entity. Decision-making models are used as a method and process to fulfill the following objectives: * Every team member is clear about how a decision will be made * The roles and responsibilities for the decision making * Who will own the process to make the final decision These models help the team to plan the process and the agenda for each decision-making meeting, and the understanding of the process and collaborative approach helps in achieving the support of the team members for the final decision to ensure commitment for the same. Types There are several models of decision-making: Economic rationality model When using this model, the following conditions are assumed. # The decision will be completely rational in a means-ends sense # There is a complete and consistent system of preferences that allows a choice among alternatives # There is a complete awareness of all the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
