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Consumer Credit Reporting Agency
A credit bureau is a data collection agency that gathers account information from various creditors and provides that information to a consumer reporting agency in the United States, a credit reference agency in the United Kingdom, a credit reporting body in Australia, a credit information company (CIC) in India, a Special Accessing Entity in the Philippines, and also to private lenders. It is not the same as a credit rating agency. Description A consumer reporting agency is an organization providing information on individuals' borrowing and bill-paying habits. Such credit information institutions reduce the effect of asymmetric information between borrowers and lenders, and alleviate problems of adverse selection and moral hazard. For example, adequate credit information could facilitate lenders in screening and monitoring borrowers as well as avoiding giving loans to high risk individuals. Lenders use this to evaluate credit worthiness, the ability to pay back a loan, and can a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Data Collection
Data collection or data gathering is the process of gathering and measuring information on targeted variables in an established system, which then enables one to answer relevant questions and evaluate outcomes. Data collection is a research component in all study fields, including physical science, physical and social sciences, humanities, and business. While methods vary by discipline, the emphasis on ensuring accurate and honest collection remains the same. The goal for all data collection is to capture evidence that allows data analysis to lead to the formulation of credible answers to the questions that have been posed. Regardless of the field of or preference for defining data (Quantitative method, quantitative or Qualitative method, qualitative), accurate data collection is essential to maintain research integrity. The selection of appropriate data collection instruments (existing, modified, or newly developed) and delineated instructions for their correct use reduce the l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the chance that a borrower does not repay a loan In finance, a loan is the tender of money by one party to another with an agreement to pay it back. The recipient, or borrower, incurs a debt and is usually required to pay interest for the use of the money. The document evidencing the deb ... or fulfill a loan obligation. For lenders the risk includes late or lost interest and principal payment, leading to disrupted cash flows and increased collection costs. The loss may be complete or partial. In an efficient market, higher levels of credit risk will be associated with higher borrowing costs. Because of this, measures of borrowing costs such as yield spreads can be used to infer credit risk levels based on assessments by market participants. Losses can arise in a number of circumstances, for example: * A consumer may fail to make a payment due on a mortgage loan, credit card, line of credit, or other loan. * A company is unable to repay asset- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ECIB
The State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) is the central bank of Pakistan. Its Constitution, as originally laid down in the State Bank of Pakistan Order 1948, remained basically unchanged until 1 January 1974, when the bank was nationalised and the scope of its functions was considerably enlarged. The State Bank of Pakistan Act 1956, with subsequent amendments, forms the basis of its operations today. The headquarters are located in the financial capital of the country in Karachi. The bank has a fully owned subsidiary with the name SBP Banking Services Corporation (SBP-BSC), the operational arm of the Central Bank with Branch Office in 16 cities across Pakistan, including the capital Islamabad and the four provincial capitals Lahore, Karachi, Peshawar, Quetta. The State Bank of Pakistan has other fully owned subsidiaries as well: National Institute of Banking and Finance, the training arm of the bank providing training to Commercial Banks, the Deposit Protection Corporation, and ownershi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Experian
Experian plc is a multinational corporation, multinational data broker and consumer credit reporting company headquartered in Dublin, Ireland. Experian collects and aggregates information on more than 1 billion people and businesses including 235 million individual U.S. consumers and more than 25 million U.S. businesses. It is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. Experian is a partner in United States Postal Service, USPS address validation. It is one of the "Big Three" credit-reporting agencies, alongside TransUnion and Equifax. In addition to its credit services, Experian also sells decision analytic and marketing assistance to businesses, including individual fingerprinting and targeting. Its consumer services include online access to credit history and products meant to protect from fraud and identity theft. Like all credit reporting agencies, the company is required by U.S. law to provide consumers with one free credit report ever ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Equifax
Equifax Inc. is an American multinational consumer credit reporting agency headquartered in Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia and is one of the three largest consumer credit reporting agency, consumer credit reporting agencies, along with Experian and TransUnion (together known as the "Big Three"). Equifax collects and aggregates information on more than 800 million individual consumers and more than 88 million businesses worldwide. In addition to credit and demographic data and services to business, Equifax sells credit monitoring and fraud prevention services directly to consumers. Equifax operates or has investments in 24 countries in the Americas, Europe, and Asia-Pacific, Asia Pacific. With more than 14,000 employees worldwide, Equifax has nearly US$5 billion in annual revenue and is traded on the New York Stock Exchange (New York Stock Exchange, NYSE) under the symbol EFX. History Equifax was founded as the Retail Credit Company by Cator and Guy Woolford in Atlanta, Atlanta, Geo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CRIF High Mark Credit Information Services
CRIF High Mark Credit Information Services Pvt. Ltd. is an RBI-approved credit bureau in India. It serves retail, agriculture and rural, MSME, commercial and microfinance. The company was incorporated in 2005 and is based in Mumbai. It launched its credit bureau operations in 2010 and has a database of over 120+ crore credit records as of July 2018. CRIF High Mark covers nearly 38 crore unique borrowers as of October 2018. It manages the world's largest microfinance credit bureau database. CRIF High Mark supports over 4,000 credit institutions, including over 1,000 cooperative banks and insurance companies, providing them with credit information, analytics and scoring, decision and software. In addition, it works with telecom service providers, credit rating agencies and SEBI-registered brokers. Consumers can also directly access their credit scores from CRIF High Mark. It records repayment history, defaults and frauds on loans and credit facilities extended to individuals or ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CIBIL
TransUnion CIBIL Limited is a credit information company operating in India. It maintains credit files on 600 million individuals and 32 million businesses. TransUnion is one of four credit bureaus operating in India and is part of TransUnion, an American multinational group. Consumer credit reporting Trans Union CIBIL aggregates consumer borrowing and payment information for the purpose of assessing loan risk and pricing credit (setting the interest rate). It has partnered with Chicago-based TransUnion. Consumer credit scores are also used in unemployment decisions, although there are no studies in India showing that impaired credit leads to employee misconduct and unemployment. Business credit reporting TransUnion CIBIL aggregates business financial and payment information for the purpose of assessing loan risk and pricing credit (setting the interest rate. It has partnered with New Jersey–based Dun and Bradstreet. D&B maintains files on 150 million business worldwi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Personal Information Protection And Electronic Documents Act
The ''Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act'' (PIPEDA; ) is a Canadian law relating to data privacy. It governs how private sector organizations collect, use and disclose personal information in the course of commercial business. In addition, the ''Act'' contains various provisions to facilitate the use of electronic documents. PIPEDA became law on 13 April 2000 to promote consumer trust in electronic commerce. The act was also intended to reassure the European Union that the Canadian privacy law was adequate to protect the personal information of European citizens. In accordance with section 29 of PIPEDA, Part I of the ''Act'' ("Protection of Personal Information in the Private Sector") must be reviewed by Parliament every five years. The first Parliamentary review occurred in 2007. PIPEDA incorporates and makes mandatory provisions of the Canadian Standards Association's Model Code for the Protection of Personal Information, developed in 1995. However, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Knowledge-based Authentication
Knowledge-based authentication, commonly referred to as KBA, is a method of authentication which seeks to prove the identity of someone accessing a service such as a financial institution or website. As the name suggests, KBA requires the knowledge of private information from the individual to prove that the person providing the identity information is the owner of the identity. There are two types of KBA: ''static KBA'', which is based on a pre-agreed set of shared secrets, and ''dynamic KBA'', which is based on questions generated from a wider base of personal information.K. Skračić, P. Pale and B. Jeren,Knowledge based authentication requirements" ''2013 36th International Convention on Information and Communication Technology, Electronics and Microelectronics (MIPRO)'', Opatija, Croatia, 2013, pp. 1116-1120. Static KBA (shared secrets) Static KBA, also referred to as "shared secrets" or "shared secret questions," is commonly used by banks, financial services companies and e- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Identity Verification Service
An identity verification service is used by businesses to ensure that users or customers provide information that is associated with the identity of a real person. The service may verify the authenticity of physical identity documents such as a driver's license, passport, or a nationally issued identity document through documentary verification. Additionally, also involve the verification of identity information (fields) against independent and authoritative sources, such as a credit bureau or proprietary government data. Background Identity verification services were developed to help companies comply with Anti-Money Laundering (AML) and Know Your Customer (KYC) rules, identity verification is now a vital component to the transaction ecosystems of eCommerce companies, financial institutions, online gaming, and even social media. Through adopting digital fraud prevention methods, businesses can achieve AML and KYC compliance while addressing the risks associated with fraud. In fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Credit Report
A credit history is a record of a borrower's responsible repayment of debts. A credit report is a record of the borrower's credit history from a number of sources, including banks, credit card companies, collection agencies, and governments. A borrower's credit score is the result of a mathematical algorithm applied to a credit report and other sources of information to predict future delinquency. In many countries, when a customer submits an application for credit from a bank, credit card company, or a store, their information is forwarded to a credit bureau. The credit bureau matches the name, address and other identifying information on the credit applicant with information retained by the bureau in its files. The gathered records are then used by lenders to determine an individual's credit worthiness; that is, determining an individual's ability and track record of repaying a debt. The willingness to repay a debt is indicated by how timely past payments have been made to other ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Consumer Welfare
Welfare economics is a field of economics that applies microeconomics, microeconomic techniques to evaluate the overall well-being (welfare) of a society. The principles of welfare economics are often used to inform public economics, which focuses on the ways in which government intervention can improve social welfare. Additionally, welfare economics serves as the theoretical foundation for several instruments of public economics, such as cost–benefit analysis. The intersection of welfare economics and behavioral economics has given rise to the subfield of behavioral welfare economics. Two fundamental theorems of welfare economics, fundamental theorems are associated with welfare economics. The first states that competitive markets, under certain assumptions, lead to Pareto efficiency, Pareto efficient outcomes. This idea is sometimes referred to as Adam Smith's invisible hand. The second theorem states that with further restrictions, any Pareto efficient outcome can be ach ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
