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Conciliationism
Conciliationism is a view in the epistemology of disagreement according to which one should revise one's opinions closer to one's epistemic peers in the face of epistemic disagreement. Nathan Ballantyne and E.J. Coffman define the view as follows: : ''Conciliationism'': In a revealed peer disagreement over P, each thinker should give at least some weight to her peer’s attitude. That is, each thinker’s confidence should change to some extent: neither thinker is justified in staying ''exactly as confident as she initially was'' regarding whether P. Philosopher David Christensen has been a prominent defender of this view. Others have argued in its favor as well. Some have discussed the implications of this view for religious belief. A standard objection is that conciliationism is self-undermining because most philosophers do not accept it. A number of responses have been offered. A second objection is that if a person encounters multiple people who disagree, and applies concilia ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Disagreement (epistemology)
The issue of peer disagreement in epistemology Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. Also called "the theory of knowledge", it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional knowledge about facts, practical knowle ... discusses the question of how a person should respond when he learns that somebody else with the same body of knowledge disagrees with them. Types of disagreements Epistemologists distinguish between two types of disagreements. One type is disagreements about facts. For instance, a disagreement about the question whether earth is spherical or flat. The second type of disagreements is about a proposed course of action, for example, whether one should travel to Italy or Greece. This philosophical discussion is mainly about “peer disagreement”. This is the case where the two disputants are ''epistemic peers'' -- they have roughly the same capabilities in terms of information and inte ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Epistemology
Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that examines the nature, origin, and limits of knowledge. Also called "the theory of knowledge", it explores different types of knowledge, such as propositional knowledge about facts, practical knowledge in the form of skills, and knowledge by acquaintance as a familiarity through experience. Epistemologists study the concepts of belief, truth, and justification to understand the nature of knowledge. To discover how knowledge arises, they investigate sources of justification, such as perception, introspection, memory, reason, and testimony. The school of skepticism questions the human ability to attain knowledge while fallibilism says that knowledge is never certain. Empiricists hold that all knowledge comes from sense experience, whereas rationalists believe that some knowledge does not depend on it. Coherentists argue that a belief is justified if it coheres with other beliefs. Foundationalists, by contrast, maintain th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
David Christensen (philosopher)
David Christensen is an American philosopher and professor of philosophy at Brown University. His main interest is epistemology, in which he is a leading proponent of conciliationism. He has also made important contributions in confirmation theory, epistemic justification and evidence, theories of rationality, and the role of logic for a theory of rationality. Christensen's professional accolades include the 2017-2018 Sanders Lecture and the 2021 Ernest Sosa Prize Lecture, both awarded by the American Philosophical Association for his distinguished contributions to epistemology. He is an editor of Mind (journal) ''Mind'' (stylized as ''MIND'') is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Mind Association. Having previously published exclusively philosophy in the analytic tradition, it now "aims to .... References Year of birth missing (living people) 21st-century American philosophers Living people University of C ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Commutativity
In mathematics, a binary operation is commutative if changing the order of the operands does not change the result. It is a fundamental property of many binary operations, and many mathematical proofs depend on it. Perhaps most familiar as a property of arithmetic, e.g. or , the property can also be used in more advanced settings. The name is needed because there are operations, such as division and subtraction, that do not have it (for example, ); such operations are ''not'' commutative, and so are referred to as noncommutative operations. The idea that simple operations, such as the multiplication and addition of numbers, are commutative was for many centuries implicitly assumed. Thus, this property was not named until the 19th century, when new algebraic structures started to be studied. Definition A binary operation * on a set ''S'' is ''commutative'' if x * y = y * x for all x,y \in S. An operation that is not commutative is said to be ''noncommutative''. One says ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
