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Computer Shogi
Computer shogi is a field of artificial intelligence concerned with the creation of computer programs which can play shogi. The research and development of shogi software has been carried out mainly by freelance programmers, university research groups and private companies. By 2017, the strongest programs were outperforming the strongest human players. Game complexity Shogi has the distinctive feature of reusing captured pieces. Therefore, shogi has a higher branching factor than other chess variants. The computer has more positions to examine because each piece in hand can be dropped on many squares. This gives shogi the highest number of legal positions and the highest number of possible games of all the popular chess variants. The higher numbers for shogi mean it is harder to reach the highest levels of play. The number of legal positions and the number of possible games are two measures of shogi's game complexity. The complexity of Go can be found at Go and mathematics. More i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence (AI) is the capability of computer, computational systems to perform tasks typically associated with human intelligence, such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and decision-making. It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to machine perception, perceive their environment and use machine learning, learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. High-profile applications of AI include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search); recommendation systems (used by YouTube, Amazon (company), Amazon, and Netflix); virtual assistants (e.g., Google Assistant, Siri, and Amazon Alexa, Alexa); autonomous vehicles (e.g., Waymo); Generative artificial intelligence, generative and Computational creativity, creative tools (e.g., ChatGPT and AI art); and Superintelligence, superhuman play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Memory
Memory is the faculty of the mind by which data or information is encoded, stored, and retrieved when needed. It is the retention of information over time for the purpose of influencing future action. If past events could not be remembered, it would be impossible for language, relationships, or personal identity to develop. Memory loss is usually described as forgetfulness or amnesia. Memory is often understood as an informational processing system with explicit and implicit functioning that is made up of a sensory processor, short-term (or working) memory, and long-term memory. This can be related to the neuron. The sensory processor allows information from the outside world to be sensed in the form of chemical and physical stimuli and attended to various levels of focus and intent. Working memory serves as an encoding and retrieval processor. Information in the form of stimuli is encoded in accordance with explicit or implicit functions by the working memory p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bear-in-the-hole Castle
The Bear-in-the-hole or Anaguma castle (穴熊 ''anaguma'', badger, lit. "hole-bear") is a castle used in shogi. (An anaguma is a Japanese badger.) It is commonly used in professional shogi. History The Bear-in-the-hole was initially a castle used by Ranging Rook players, though in modern times, it is considered a poor choice for Ranging Rook. In addition, the renaissance of Ranging Rook strategies that was happening in the first part of the 20th century was in part attributed to the strength of the Mino castle. However, a Static Rook strategy – the King's Head Vanguard Pawn – became a formidable challenge to Ranging Rook positions, as the Mino castle is weak against frontal attacks and the King's Head Vanguard Pawn strategy exploits these weaknesses by attacking the Mino from above. Therefore, a change from a Mino to a Bear-in-the-hole was considered since the Ranging Rook player's king is moved one rank further away from the vanguard pawn offense. The Bear-in-the- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Fourth File Rook
In shogi, Fourth File Rook (四間飛車 ''shikenbisha'') is a class of Ranging Rook shogi opening, openings in which the rook is initially positioned on the fourth file if played by White or the sixth file if played by Black. History The earliest recorded shogi game was a Static Rook vs. Fourth File Rook game from 1607. Black was who played a Right Fourth File Rook position (Static Rook) against Sansa Hon'inbō's Fourth File Rook. Ōhashi won the game. Fourth File Rook vs Static Rook Normal Fourth File Rook The opening starts by the usual 4-move sequence that characterizes Static Rook vs Ranging Rook games as shown in the first adjacent board position. (See: Ranging Rook#Normal Ranging Rook, Normal Ranging Rook.) Fujii System The Fujii System is a set of Fourth File Rook strategies used against various Static Rook strategies (mainly Left Mino and Bear-in-the-hole Static Rook). vs Rapid Attack Tateishi Fourth File Rook A Fourth File Rook opening ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Horizon Effect
The horizon effect, also known as the horizon problem, is a problem in artificial intelligence whereby, in many games, the number of possible states or positions is immense and computers can only feasibly search a small portion of them, typically a few plies down the game tree. Thus, for a computer searching only a fixed number of plies, there is a possibility that it will make a poor long-term move. The drawbacks of the move are not "visible" because the computer does not search to the depth at which its evaluation function reveals the true evaluation of the line. The analogy is to peering at a distance on a sphere like the earth, but a threat being beneath the horizon and hence unseen. When evaluating a large game tree using techniques such as minimax with alpha-beta pruning, search depth is limited for feasibility reasons. However, evaluating a partial tree may give a misleading result. When a significant change exists just over the horizon of the search depth, the computat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Handicap (shogi)
In shogi, a handicap game (駒落戦 ''koma ochisen,'' 駒落ち ''koma ochi,'' ハンデキャップ ''handekyappu,'' 手合割 ''teaiwari'') is a game setup used between players of disparate strengths, in which one or more pieces are removed from the stronger player's side. (Note that the missing pieces are not available for drops and play no further part in the game.) In Japanese, the higher ranked player is called 上手 ''uwate'' "handicapped player" while the lower player is 下手 ''shitate'' "lower player." These terms are usually translated in English simply as ''White'' and ''Black,'' respectively just like the way 後手 ''gote'' and 先手 ''sente'' are translated as ''White'' and ''Black'', respectively. The imbalance created by this method of handicapping is not as strong as it is in western chess because material advantage is not as powerful in shogi. An even game (that is, a non-handicap game) is known as 平手 ''hirate'' in Japanese. Culture, tradition, pedago ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Meijin (shogi)
is one of the eight titles in Japanese professional shogi player, professional shogi, and is the most prestigious title, along with Ryūō. The word ( "excellent, artful", "person") refers to a highly skilled master of a certain field (the various arts found in traditional Japanese Intangible cultural heritage, culture, such as the Japanese tea ceremony, go (game), go, competitive karuta, rakugo, budō). History The Meijin institution started in the 17th century (Edo period), and for around 300 years (1612–1937) was a hereditary title that was passed from the reigning Meijin upon his retirement or death to another selected from Iemoto, three families (the Ohashi Main family, the Ohashi Branch family, and the Ito family), as deemed to be worthy. This is known as the Lifetime Meijin system (). In 1935, however, the Japan Shogi Association, or JSA, announced that it was abolishing the existing system of succession in favor of something more short-term and reflective of act ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Toshiyuki Moriuchi
is a Japanese professional shogi player, ranked 9-Dan (rank)#Modern usage in shogi, dan. He is a Meijin (shogi)#Lifetime Meijin, Lifetime Meijin who won the title eight times, and also a former Ryūō, Kiō and Ōshō (shogi), Ōshō title holder. He is also a former senior managing director of the Japan Shogi Association. Early life Moriuchi was born on October 10, 1970, in Yokohama. His grandfather was shogi professional , who died about ten years before Moriuchi was born. When Moriuchi was young and would visit his grandmother's house, she would show him old issues of ''Japan Shogi Association#Publications, Shogi World'' that she had kept, and this is when Moriuchi first became interested in shogi. Moriuchi started playing in shogi tournaments as an Elementary schools in Japan, elementary school student and it was there that his rivalry with Yoshiharu Habu began. Habu lived in neighboring Tokyo and was the same age, so the two often participated in the same tournaments. Moriu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Japan Shogi Association
The , or JSA, is the primary organizing body for professional shogi in Japan. The JSA sets the professional calendar, negotiates sponsorship and media promotion deals, helps organize tournaments and title matches, publishes shogi-related materials, supervises and trains apprentice professionals as well as many other activities. History For much of its early history, shogi followed an iemoto system centered around three families (schools): the , the and the . The Meijin title was hereditary and could only be held by members of these three families. These three schools were supported by the Tokugawa shogunate and thus controlled the professional shogi world up until 1868 when the Meiji Restoration began. By the time , the eighth and last head of the Itō school and the 11th Hereditary Meijin, had died in 1893, the influence of the families had decreased to such an extent that they had no real power at all. In 1921, there were three groups of professional players in the Tokyo a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asahi Shimbun
is a Japanese daily newspaper founded in 1879. It is one of the oldest newspapers in Japan and Asia, and is considered a newspaper of record for Japan. The ''Asahi Shimbun'' is one of the five largest newspapers in Japan along with the ''Yomiuri Shimbun'', the ''Mainichi Shimbun'', the ''The Nikkei, Nihon Keizai Shimbun'' and ''Chunichi Shimbun''. The newspaper's circulation, which was 4.57 million for its morning edition and 1.33 million for its evening edition as of July 2021, was second behind that of the ''Yomiuri Shimbun''. By print circulation, it is the second List of newspapers in the world by circulation, largest newspaper in the world behind the ''Yomiuri'', though its digital size trails that of many global newspapers including ''The New York Times''. Its publisher, is a media conglomerate with its registered headquarters in Osaka. It is a privately held company, privately held family business with ownership and control remaining with the founding Murayama and Uen ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Professional Shogi Player
A professional shogi player (将棋棋士 ''shōgi kishi'' or プロ棋士 ''puro kishi'' "professional player") is a shogi player who is usually a member of a professional guild of shogi players. There are two categories of professional players: regular professional and women's professional. All regular professional shogi players are members of the Japan Shogi Association (JSA). However, only regular professional players, who are as of yet all male, are considered to be full-fledged members. Women's professional players belong to groups distinct from regular professional players. In Japanese, the term 棋士 ''kishi'' only refers to regular professional players to the exclusion of women's professionals, who are termed 女流棋士 ''joryū kishi.'' History During the Edo period (1603-1868), shogi followed an iemoto system centered around three families (schools): the , the and the . Titles such as Meijin were hereditary and could only be held by members of these three fa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Akira Watanabe (shogi Player)
is a Japanese professional shogi player ranked 9- dan. He is a former holder of the Meijin, Kisei, Ōshō, Ōza, Kiō and Ryūō titles. He is also a Lifetime Kiō and a Lifetime Ryūō title holder. Early life Watanabe was born on April 23, 1984, in Katsushika, Tokyo. He learned how to play shogi from his father, who was an amateur 5-dan ranked player. He won the in 1994 as a fourth-grade student at Hokizuka Elementary School. He was the first fourth-grade winner in the history of the tournament. That same year Watanabe took the entrance exam for the Japan Shogi Association's apprentice school. Part of his test was a game against future women's professional Sayuri Takebe, who was member of the apprentice school at the time. The entire game was played at an extremely fast pace, with Watanabe winning in less than two minutes. Watanabe passed the entrance exam and entered the apprentice school as a 6-kyū protegee of shogi professional Kazuharu Shoshi. Shogi profess ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
