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Commissioner (Scottish Parliament)
A commissioner was a legislator appointed or elected to represent a royal burgh or shire in the Parliament of Scotland and the associated Convention of the Estates. Member of Parliament (MP) and Deputy are equivalent terms in other countries. The Scottish Parliament (also known as the Three Estates) and the Convention of the Estates were unicameral legislatures, so commissioners sat alongside prelates (the first estate) and members of the nobility (the second estate). Burgh commissioners Burgh commissioners were the third estate, and were the longest-established and most powerful group of commissioners to parliament. They first attended in 1326. Burgh commissioners often acted and lobbied collectively, assisted by the fact that the Convention of Royal Burghs often met in association with parliamentary sessions. Shire commissioners From the 16th century, the second estate of the nobility was reorganised by the selection of shire commissioners from the lower nobility: thi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sir William Bruce
Sir William Bruce of Kinross, 1st Baronet (c. 1630 – 1710), was a Scottish gentleman-architect, "the effective founder of classical architecture in Scotland," as Howard Colvin observes.Colvin, p.172–176 As a key figure in introducing the Palladian architecture, Palladian style into Scotland, he has been compared to the pioneering English architects Inigo Jones and Christopher Wren, and to the contemporaneous introducers of French style in English domestic architecture, Hugh May and Sir Roger Pratt (architect), Roger Pratt. Bruce was a merchant in Rotterdam during the 1650s, and played a role in the Stuart Restoration, Restoration of Charles II of England, Charles II in 1659. He carried messages between the exiled king and George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, General Monck, and his loyalty to the king was rewarded with lucrative official appointments, including that of Master of Work to the Crown of Scotland, Surveyor General of the King's Works in Scotland, effectively makin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of St Andrews
The University of St Andrews (, ; abbreviated as St And in post-nominals) is a public university in St Andrews, Scotland. It is the List of oldest universities in continuous operation, oldest of the four ancient universities of Scotland and, following the universities of University of Oxford, Oxford and University of Cambridge, Cambridge, the third-oldest university in the English-speaking world. St Andrews was founded in 1413 when the Avignon Pope, Avignon Antipope Benedict XIII issued a papal bull to a small founding group of Augustinians, Augustinian clergy. Along with the universities of University of Glasgow, Glasgow, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, St Andrews was part of the Scottish Enlightenment during the 18th century. St Andrews is made up of a variety of institutions, comprising three colleges — United College, St Andrews, United College (a union of St Salvator's and St Leonard's Colleges), St Mary's College, St Andrew ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shire Commissioners To The Parliament Of Scotland
Shire () is a traditional term for an administrative division of land in Great Britain and some other English-speaking countries. It is generally synonymous with county (such as Cheshire and Worcestershire). British counties are among the oldest extant national divisions in the world. It was first used in Wessex from the beginning of Anglo-Saxon settlement, and spread to most of the rest of England in the 10th century. Today, 23 counties bear the "-shire" suffix in England, 23 in Scotland, and 10 in Wales. In some rural parts of Australia, a shire is a local government area; however, in Australia, it is not synonymous with a "county", which is a lands administrative division. Etymology The word ''shire'' derives from the Old English , from the Proto-Germanic (), denoting an 'official charge' a 'district under a governor', and a 'care'. In the UK, ''shire'' became synonymous with ''county'', an administrative term introduced to England through the Norman Conquest in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Burgh Commissioners To The Parliament Of Scotland
A burgh ( ) is an autonomous municipal corporation in Scotland, usually a city, town, or toun in Scots. This type of administrative division existed from the 12th century, when King David I created the first royal burghs. Burgh status was broadly analogous to borough status, found in the rest of the United Kingdom. Following local government reorganisation in 1975, the title of "royal burgh" remains in use in many towns, but now has little more than ceremonial value. History The first burgh was Berwick. By 1130, David I (r. 1124–53) had established other burghs including Edinburgh, Stirling, Dunfermline, Haddington, Perth, Dumfries, Jedburgh, Montrose, Rutherglen and Lanark. Most of the burghs granted charters in his reign probably already existed as settlements. Charters were copied almost verbatim from those used in England, and early burgesses usually invited English and Flemish settlers.A. MacQuarrie, ''Medieval Scotland: Kinship and Nation'' (Thrupp: Sutton, 2 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Member Of Congress
A member of congress (MOC), also known as a congressman or congresswoman, is a person who has been appointed or elected and inducted into an official body called a congress, typically to represent a particular constituency in a legislature. The term member of parliament (MP) is an equivalent term within a parliamentary system of government. Philippines In the Congress of the Philippines, the title ''member of congress'' is almost never used; instead, legislators are called ''congressmen'' or ''congresswomen''. However, these terms apply only to members of the House of Representatives, not to members of the Senate, who are called ''senators''. United States In referring to an individual lawmaker's capacity of serving in the United States Congress, a bicameral federal legislature, the term ''member of congress'' is used less often than other terms in the United States. This is because in the United States, the word ''Congress'' is used as a descriptive term for the collective bod ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Member Of The Scottish Parliament
Member of the Scottish Parliament (MSP; ; ) is the title given to any one of the 129 individuals elected to serve in the Scottish Parliament. Electoral system The additional member system produces a form of proportional representation, where each constituency has its own representative, and each region has seats given to political parties to reflect as closely as possible its level of support among voters. Each registered voter is asked to cast 2 votes, resulting in MSPs being elected in one of two ways: * 73 are elected as First past the post constituency MSPs and; * 56 are elected as Regional additional member MSPs. Seven are elected from each of eight regional groups of constituencies. Types of candidates With the additional members system, there are 3 ways in which a person can stand to be a MSP: * a constituency candidate * a candidate named on a party list at the regional election * an individual candidate at the regional election A candidate may stand both in a const ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Constituencies In The Parliament Of Scotland At The Time Of The Union
List of constituencies in the Parliament of Scotland at the time of the Union is a list of the constituencies of the Parliament of Scotland (the Estates of Scotland) during the period shortly before the Union between the Kingdom of Scotland and the Kingdom of England. The unicameral Estates of Scotland existed from medieval times until 1707. The Commissioners for the burghs (the "Third Estate") and shires and stewartries (sometimes called the "Fourth Estate", or classified as a subgroup within the "Second Estate") were elected, but on a very restrictive franchise. ''Commissioner'' was the title for ordinary, representative members of the parliament (junior peers were called Lords of Parliament; and senior peers, representatives of the monarch, and certain members of the clergy also sat in parliament). The Scottish ministers (the Privy Council of Scotland), were not answerable to the Estates of Scotland but to the Scots monarch (which, after the Union of Crowns in 16 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Union Of The Crowns
The Union of the Crowns (; ) was the accession of James VI of Scotland to the throne of the Kingdom of England as James I and the practical unification of some functions (such as overseas diplomacy) of the two separate realms under a single individual on 24 March 1603. It followed the death of James's cousin, Elizabeth I of England, the last monarch of the Tudor dynasty. The union was personal or dynastic, with the Crown of England and the Crown of Scotland remaining both distinct and separate despite James's best efforts to create a new imperial throne. England and Scotland continued as two separate states sharing a monarch, who directed their domestic and foreign policies, along with Ireland, until the Acts of Union of 1707 during the reign of the last Stuart monarch, Anne. However, there was a republican interregnum in the 1650s, during which the Tender of Union of Oliver Cromwell created the Commonwealth of England and Scotland which ended with the Stuart Restorati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lord High Commissioner To The Parliament Of Scotland
The Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland was the List of Scottish monarchs, monarch of Scotland's high commissioner, personal representative to the Parliament of Scotland. From the accession of James I of England, James VI of Scotland to the throne of England in Union of the Crowns, 1603, a Lord High Commissioner was appointed from among the senior nobility to represent the Scottish monarch in parliament when he or she was absent, as was usually the case up to 1707. The Act of Union 1707, which merged the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England to create the Parliament of Great Britain, rendered the post redundant. The Lord High Commissioner represented Crown authority and sat on the throne within the parliamentary chamber. The Commissioner gave royal assent to all acts of parliament by touching the final copy of each act with the Honours of Scotland, sceptre. They were the custodian of the Crown's legislative agenda and were effectively the heads o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Restoration Of The Scottish Episcopates
The Restoration was the return of the monarchy to Scotland in 1660 after the period of the Scotland under the Commonwealth, Commonwealth, and the subsequent three decades of Scottish history until the Revolution of 1689, Revolution and Convention of Estates of 1689. It was part of a wider Restoration (1660), Restoration in the British Isles that included the return of the Stuart dynasty to the thrones of English monarchy, England and Irish monarchy, Ireland in the person of Charles II of Scotland, Charles II. As military commander of the Commonwealth's largest armed force, George Monck, 1st Duke of Albemarle, George Monck, governor-general in Scotland, was instrumental in the restoration of Charles II, who was proclaimed king in Edinburgh on 14 May 1660. There was a general pardon for offences during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, but four individuals were excepted and executed. Under the eventual political settlement Scotland regained its independent system of law, parliament ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Episcopates In The Church Of Scotland
There have not been bishops in the Church of Scotland since the Restoration Episcopacy of the 17th century, although there have occasionally been attempts to reintroduce episcopalianism. Like most Reformed Churches, the Church of Scotland has a presbyterian structure which invests in a hierarchy of courts, that authority which other denominations give to bishops. Nevertheless, the Church of Scotland does have the concept of a bishop, and there has been debate about widening this concept. Historical background The word ''bishop'' is derived from the Greek word ''episcopos'', meaning "overseer". The word is used in the New Testament, but the exact function of this office is not specific in the Early Church. By the third century, however, both the Eastern ( Orthodox) and Western (Catholic) Church adopted a system of bishops as their spiritual rulers. After the Reformation, the Lutheran and Anglican traditions retained the episcopal system. However, most of the churches of th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Covenanters
Covenanters were members of a 17th-century Scottish religious and political movement, who supported a Presbyterian Church of Scotland and the primacy of its leaders in religious affairs. It originated in disputes with James VI and his son Charles I over church organisation and doctrine, but expanded into political conflict over the limits of royal authority. In 1638, thousands of Scots signed the National Covenant, pledging to resist changes in religious practice imposed by Charles. This led to the 1639 and 1640 Bishops' Wars, which ended with the Covenanters in control of the Scottish government. In response to the Irish Rebellion of 1641, Covenanter troops were sent to Ireland, and the 1643 Solemn League and Covenant brought them into the First English Civil War on the side of Parliament. As the Wars of the Three Kingdoms progressed, many Covenanters came to view English religious Independents like Oliver Cromwell as a greater threat than the Royalists, particu ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
