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Columbia (supercomputer)
Columbia was a supercomputer built by Silicon Graphics (SGI) for the NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), installed in 2004 at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division, NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility located at Moffett Federal Airfield, Moffett Field in California. Named in honor of the crew who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disaster, it increased NASA's supercomputing capacity ten-fold for the agency's science, aeronautics and exploration programs. Missions run on Columbia include high-fidelity simulations of the Space Shuttle vehicle and launch systems, hurricane track prediction, global ocean circulation, and the physics of supernova detonations. History Columbia debuted as the second most powerful supercomputer on the TOP500 list in November 2004 at a LINPACK benchmarks, LINPACK rating of 51.87 teraflops, or 51.87 trillion floating point calculations per second. By June 2007 it had dropped to 13th. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Intel
Intel Corporation is an American multinational corporation and technology company headquartered in Santa Clara, California, and Delaware General Corporation Law, incorporated in Delaware. Intel designs, manufactures, and sells computer components such as central processing units (CPUs) and related products for business and consumer markets. It is one of the world's List of largest semiconductor chip manufacturers, largest semiconductor chip manufacturers by revenue, and ranked in the Fortune 500, ''Fortune'' 500 list of the List of largest companies in the United States by revenue, largest United States corporations by revenue for nearly a decade, from 2007 to 2016 Fiscal year, fiscal years, until it was removed from the ranking in 2018. In 2020, it was reinstated and ranked 45th, being the List of Fortune 500 computer software and information companies, 7th-largest technology company in the ranking. It was one of the first companies listed on Nasdaq. Intel supplies List of I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
SGI Supercomputers
SGI may refer to: Companies * Saskatchewan Government Insurance * Scientific Games International, a gambling company *Silicon Graphics Silicon Graphics, Inc. (stylized as SiliconGraphics before 1999, later rebranded SGI, historically known as Silicon Graphics Computer Systems or SGCS) was an American high-performance computing manufacturer, producing computer hardware and soft ..., Inc., a former manufacturer of high-performance computing products * Silicon Graphics International, formerly Rackable Systems, which acquired the former Silicon Graphics, Inc. * Smoking Gun Interactive, a video game company * Synthetic Genomics, Inc., an alternative fuels company Other uses * Saanich-Gulf Islands, a federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada * Silicon Graphics Image, a graphics file format for Silicon Graphics workstations * Soka Gakkai International, a Nichiren Buddhist movement and also a non-governmental organization (NGO) * SGI, the IATA code for Mushaf Airbase ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ames Research Center
The Ames Research Center (ARC), also known as NASA Ames, is a major NASA research center at Moffett Federal Airfield in California's Silicon Valley. It was founded in 1939 as the second National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) laboratory. That agency was dissolved and its assets and personnel transferred to the newly created NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on October 1, 1958. NASA Ames is named in honor of Joseph Sweetman Ames, a physicist and one of the founding members of NACA. At last estimate NASA Ames had over US$3 billion in capital equipment, 2,300 research personnel and a US$750 million annual budget. Ames was founded to conduct wind-tunnel research on the aerodynamics of propeller-driven aircraft; however, its role has expanded to encompass spaceflight and information technology. Ames plays a role in many NASA missions. It provides leadership in astrobiology; small satellites; robotic lunar exploration; the search for habitable plane ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
NASA Supercomputers
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA ) is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the United States's civil space program, aeronautics research and space research. Established in 1958, it succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to give the American space development effort a distinct civilian orientation, emphasizing peaceful applications in space science. It has since led most of America's space exploration programs, including Project Mercury, Project Gemini, the 1968–1972 Apollo program missions, the Skylab space station, and the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA supports the International Space Station (ISS) along with the Commercial Crew Program and oversees the development of the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System for the lunar Artemis program. NASA's science division is focused on better understanding Earth through the Earth Observing System; advancing heliophysics through the efforts of t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Endeavour (supercomputer)
Endeavour is a shared memory supercomputer at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division at NASA Ames Research Center. It was named after the Space Shuttle Endeavour, the last orbiter built during NASA's Space Shuttle Program. Built in February 2013 as a replacement for the Columbia supercomputer, it consists of two nodes across three SGI UV 2000 racks with 1,536 Intel Xeon E5-4650L “Sandy Bridge” processors for a theoretical processing capability of 32 teraflops. Its global shared-memory environment allows for one processor to access the memory of other processors in the cluster as needed, giving users the ability to run jobs larger and more data-intensive than could be achieved on other NASA systems limited by processor memory. At the time it was installed, Endeavour had more processing power than what remained of Columbia at its decommissioning (approximately 30 teraflops across 40 SGI Altix 4700 racks), but in only ten percent of the physical space. It is curren ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pleiades (supercomputer)
Pleiades () is a petascale supercomputer housed at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division, NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) facility at NASA's Ames Research Center located at Moffett Federal Airfield, Moffett Field near Mountain View, California, Mountain View, California. It is maintained by NASA and partners Hewlett Packard Enterprise (formerly Silicon Graphics International) and Intel. As of November 2019 it is ranked the 32nd most powerful computer on the TOP500 list with a LINPACK benchmarks, LINPACK rating of 5.95 FLOPS, petaflops (5.95 quadrillion floating point operations per second) and a peak performance of 7.09 petaflops from its most recent hardware upgrade. The system serves as NASA's largest supercomputing resource, supporting missions in aeronautics, human spaceflight, astrophysics, and Earth science. History Built in 2008 and named for the Pleiades Open cluster, open star cluster, the supercomputer debuted as the third most powerful supercomputer in the worl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petascale
Petascale computing refers to computing systems capable of performing at least 1 quadrillion (10^15) floating-point operations per second (FLOPS). These systems are often called petaflops systems and represent a significant leap from traditional supercomputers in terms of raw performance, enabling them to handle vast datasets and complex computations. Definition Floating point operations per second (FLOPS) are one measure of computer performance. FLOPS can be recorded in different measures of precision, however the standard measure (used by the TOP500 supercomputer list) uses 64 bit (double-precision floating-point format) operations per second using the LINPACK#HPLinpack, High Performance LINPACK (HPLinpack) LINPACK benchmarks#HPLinpack, benchmark. The metric typically refers to single computing systems, although can be used to measure distributed computing systems for comparison. It can be noted that there are alternative precision measures using the LINPACK benchmarks which a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CXFS
The CXFS file system (Clustered XFS) is a proprietary shared disk file system designed by Silicon Graphics (SGI) specifically to be used in a storage area network (SAN) environment. A significant difference between CXFS and other shared disk file systems is that data and metadata are managed separately from each other. CXFS provides direct access to data via the SAN for all hosts which will act as clients. This means that a client is able to access file data via the fiber connection to the SAN, rather than over a local area network such as Ethernet (as is the case in most other distributed file systems, like NFS). File metadata however, is managed via a ''metadata broker''. The metadata communication is performed via TCP/IP and Ethernet. Another difference is that file locks are managed by the metadata broker, rather than the individual host clients. This results in the elimination of a number of problems which typically plague distributed file systems. Though CXFS supports hav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalpana Chawla
Kalpana Chawla (March 17, 1962 – February 1, 2003) was an American astronaut and aerospace engineer who was the first woman of Indian origin to fly to space. Chawla expressed an interest in aerospace engineering from an early age and took engineering classes at Dayal Singh College and Punjab Engineering College in India. She then traveled to the United States, where she earned her MSc and PhD, becoming a naturalized United States citizen in the early 1990s. She first flew on the Space Shuttle Columbia, Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' in 1997 as a mission specialist and robotic arm operator aboard STS-87. Her role in the flight caused some controversy due to the failed deployment of the Shuttle-Pointed Autonomous Research Tool for Astronomy ("Spartan") module. Chawla's second flight was in 2003 on STS-107, the final flight of ''Columbia''. She was one of the seven crew members who died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster, Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disaster when the spacecraft dis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kalpana (supercomputer)
Kalpana was a supercomputer at NASA Ames Research Center operated by the NASA Advanced Supercomputing (NAS) Division and named in honor of astronaut Kalpana Chawla, who was killed in the Space Shuttle ''Columbia'' disaster and had worked as an engineer at Ames Research Center prior to joining the Space Shuttle program. It was built in late 2003 and dedicated on May 12, 2004. Kalpana was the world's first single-system image (SSI) Linux supercomputer, based on SGI's Altix 3000 architecture and 512 Intel Itanium 2 processors. It was originally built in a joint effort by the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Ames Research Center (AMC), and Goddard Space Flight Center The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) is a major NASA space research laboratory located approximately northeast of Washington, D.C., in Greenbelt, Maryland, United States. Established on May 1, 1959, as NASA's first space flight center, GSFC ... to perform high-res ocean analysis with the ECCO (Estimating the Ci ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
2002
The effects of the September 11 attacks of the previous year had a significant impact on the affairs of 2002. The war on terror was a major political focus. Without settled international law, several nations engaged in anti-terror operations, and human rights concerns arose surrounding the treatment of suspected terrorists. Elsewhere, the Colombian conflict and the Nepalese Civil War represented some of the most severe militant conflicts, while the conflict between India and Pakistan was the only one between two sovereign nations. Religious tensions permeated the year, including violence between Hindus and Muslims in India during violent riots and other attacks and attacks on Jews in response to the Second Intifada. The Catholic Church grappled with scrutiny amid sexual abuse cases. Timor-Leste was established as a new sovereign nation, and the African Union began operating as a new intergovernmental organization. The International Criminal Court was founded in July. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
