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Colubroidea
Colubroidea is a superfamily of snakes in the clade Colubroides that includes Colubridae, with some studies splitting Colubridae into multiple families that make up Colubroidea. Historically, Colubroidea also included other caenophidian snakes such as cobras and vipers, as these snakes form a clade. However these groups are now divided into several distinct, but related, families. Zaher et al. (2009) proposed to redefine Colubroidea for colubrids and related families, while designating Colubroides as the group containing vipers and cobras as well as colubroids. The ReptileDatabase considers Colubroidea to be composed of Colubridae and the members of its sister group, Elapoidea, and does not recognize the division of Colubridae into multiple families. Classification Phylogeny Families and Subfamilies Usual taxonomy: * Family: Colubridae Nicolaus Michael Oppel, Oppel, 1811 ** Subfamily: Grayiinae Günther, 1858 ** Subfamily: Calamariinae Bonaparte, 1838 ** Subfamily: Ahaetullina ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colubroides
The Colubroides are a clade in the suborder Serpentes (snakes). It contains over 85% of all the extant species of snakes. The largest family is Colubridae, but it also includes at least six other families, at least four of which were once classified as "Colubridae" before molecular phylogenetics helped in understanding their relationships. It has been found to be monophyletic. Morphological Apomorphy and synapomorphy, synapomorphies are defined as such from Zaher et al. (2009): Loss of the right Common carotid artery, carotid artery; intercostal arteries arising from the dorsal aorta throughout the trunk at intervals of several body segments; specialized expanded costal cartilages; presence of a muscle protractor Larynx, laryngeus; separate muscle protractor quadrati; separate spinalis and semispinalis portion in the epaxial trunk; spinules or spines covering the hemipenial body. Traditionally, the name "Colubroidea" was used for this clade. This was seen problematic, however, as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dipsadinae
Dipsadinae is a large subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Dipsadidae). Species of the subfamily Dipsadinae are found in most of the Americas, including the West Indies, and are most diverse in South America. There are more than 700 member species. Dipsadinae are an ecologically and morphologically diverse group of mostly small to moderate-sized snakes, typically less than in total length. Some are arboreal, but others are aquatic or terrestrial and may even burrow. Most are oviparous. Many eat frogs or lizards, and some consume mammals and birds. Several genera (e.g. '' Adelphicos'', '' Atractus'', '' Geophis'', '' Dipsas'', '' Ninia'', '' Sibon'', '' Sibynomorphus'', '' Tropidodipsas'') are specialized feeders on gooey and slimy prey, such as frog eggs, earthworms, snails, and slugs. Almost all species are completely harmless to humans, although a few genera (e.g. '' Borikenophis'', '' Cubophis'', '' Heterodon'', '' Hydrodynastes'', ''Philodryas'') ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Caenophidia
The Caenophidia are a derived clade of alethinophidian snakes, which contains over 80% of all the extant species of snakes. The largest family is Colubridae, but it also includes at least seven other families, at least four of which were once classified as "Colubridae" before molecular phylogenetics helped us understand their relationships. It has been found to be monophyletic. Although the Caenophidia previously was held to exclude Acrochordidae, researchers have recognized that acrochordids share several traits with the other caenophidians. Hence Caenophidia is usually considered to comprise Acrochordidae plus the more derived snakes classified as Colubroidea. Recent molecular studies have also found the families Xenophidiidae ''Xenophidion'' is a genus of snakes first described in 1995, and the only genus of the monotypic family Xenophidiidae.. Commonly referred to as spinejaw snakes, this genus is found in Borneo and peninsular Malaysia. Morphology and classificat ... ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colubridae
Colubridae (, commonly known as colubrids , from , 'snake') is a family of snakes. With 249 genera, it is the largest snake family. The earliest fossil species of the family date back to the Late Eocene epoch, with earlier origins suspected. Colubrid snakes are found on every continent except Antarctica. Description Colubrids are a very diverse group of snakes. They can exhibit many different body styles, body sizes, colors, and patterns. They can also live in many different types of habitats including aquatic, terrestrial, semi-arboreal, arboreal, desert, mountainous forests, semi-fossorial, and brackish waters. A primarily shy and harmless group of snakes, the vast majority of colubrids are not venomous, nor do most colubrids produce venom that is medically significant to mammals. However, the bites of some can escalate quickly to emergency situations. Furthermore, within the Colubridae, the South African boomslang and twig snakes, as well as the Asian keelback snakes (' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pseudoxenodontinae
Pseudoxenodontinae is a small subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Pseudoxenodontidae). They are found in southern and southeastern Asia, from northeast India to southern China (including Taiwan) and south into Indonesia as far east as Wallace's Line. There are 10 species in 2 genera. Most are very poorly known, such that Pseudoxenodontinae is one of the most poorly known groups of snakes. Pseudoxenodontine snakes are small to medium-sized egg-laying snakes. Shared features of the hemipenes between ''Pseudoxenodon'' and ''Plagiopholis'' first described in 1987, were later backed up by evidence from DNA in the early-2010s. There are many differences between the two genera. ''Pseudoxenodon'' seem to be found along streams in wet forests, whereas ''Plagiopholis'' are apparently found in grasses, bushes, and riprap. ''Pseudoxenodon'' eat frogs and lizards and ''Plagiopholis'' eat earthworms. ''Plagiopholis'' (20 to 40 cm total length) are smaller t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sibynophiinae
Sibynophiinae is a small subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Sibynophiidae). This group has also been called Scaphiodontophiinae but since the name Sibynophiinae is older, it has priority. They are commonly called hinged-teeth snakes. Sibynophiine snakes are between 30 and 100 cm in total length as adults, depending on the species. They have extremely long tails, up to half of the total length. They are non-venomous and eat mostly lizards. These snakes possess several unique features, including numerous small, spatulate, hinged maxillary teeth, a specialization that allows grasping and feeding on hard-bodied prey such as skinks, and the presence of fracture planes between caudal vertebrae that allow them to easily break parts of their tails in a fashion similar to many lizards (although they cannot regrow their tails). ''Scaphiodontophis'' are also unusual in being partial coral snake mimics: the front and sometimes the rear parts of their bodi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Natricinae
The Natricinae are a subfamily of colubroid snakes, sometimes referred to as a family (Natricidae). The subfamily comprises 36 genera. Members include many very common snake species, such as the European grass snakes, and the North American water snakes and garter snakes. Some Old World members of the subfamily are known as keelbacks, because their dorsal scales exhibit strong keeling. Natricine snakes are found in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, and Central America as far south as Costa Rica. A single species, '' Tropidonophis mairii'', reaches Australia. Although the highest diversity is in North America, the oldest members are in Asia and Africa, suggesting an Old World origin for the group. Most species are semiaquatic and feed on fish and amphibians, although a few are semifossorial or leaf-litter snakes that feed on invertebrates. Most species are harmless to humans, but a few (e.g., '' Thamnophis sirtalis'', '' Thamnophis elegans'') are capable of inflicting bit ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Xenodontinae
Xenodontinae is a subfamily of snakes in the family Colubridae. Xenodontinae are a highly diverse subfamily of snakes, in which many species may look alike, but are actually very different. Their hemipenial morphology serves as a crucial taxonomic tool for distinguishing genera and species. Myers, C. W., & McDowell, S. B. (2014). NEW TAXA AND CRYPTIC SPECIES OF NEOTROPICAL SNAKES (XENODONTINAE), WITH COMMENTARY ON HEMIPENES AS GENERIC AND SPECIFIC CHARACTERS. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 385, 1–112. The subfamily Xenodontinae encompasses a number of rear-fanged ( opisthoglyphous), mildly venomous snake genera found in South America and the Caribbean. Members of the subfamily Xenodontinae are by definition closer relatives to the genus ''Xenodon'' than they are to the genus ''Dipsas''. Some authors consider Xenodontinae and Dipsadinae to be synonymous. If the two names are used synonymously, then Dipsadinae is the correct name because it is older. Gener ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Colubrinae
The Colubrinae are a subfamily of snakes within the family Colubridae. It includes numerous genus, genera, and although Taxonomy (biology), taxonomic sources often disagree on the exact number, the Reptile Database lists 717 species in 92 genera as of September 2019. It is the second largest subfamily of colubrids, after Dipsadinae. Many of the most commonly known snakes are members of this subfamily, including rat snakes, king snakes, milk snakes, vine snake (other), vine snakes, and indigo snakes. Distribution Colubrine snakes are distributed worldwide, with the highest diversity in North America, Asia, northern Africa, and the Middle East. There are relatively few species of colubrine snakes in Europe, South America, Australia, and southern Africa, and none in Madagascar, the Caribbean, or the Pacific Islands. Description Colubrine snakes are extremely Morphology (biology), morphologically and ecologically diverse. Many are terrestrial, and there are specialized foss ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gongylosoma
''Gongylosoma'' is a genus of snakes of the superfamily Colubroidea.. Species * '' Gongylosoma baliodeira'' (Boie, 1827) - Boie's smooth snake, striped ringneck, orange-bellied snake * '' Gongylosoma longicauda'' ( Peters, 1871) - Peters's smooth snake, long-tailed ringneck * '' Gongylosoma mukutense'' Grismer, Das, & Leong, 2003 - Mukut smooth snake, Pulau Tioman ground snake * '' Gongylosoma nicobariensis'' ( Stoliczka, 1870) - Camorta Island stripe-necked snake * '' Gongylosoma scriptum'' (Theobald Theobald is a Germanic dithematic name, composed from the elements '' theod-'' "people" and ''bald'' "bold". The name arrived in England with the Normans. The name occurs in many spelling variations, including Theudebald, Diepold, Theobalt, Ty ..., 1868) - common ringneck References {{Taxonbar, from=Q5091404 Gongylosoma Snake genera Taxa named by Leopold Fitzinger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Blythia
''Blythia'' is a genus of snakes in the subfamily Natricinae of the family Colubridae of the superfamily Colubroidea. The genus, which contains two recognized species, is native to South Asia and Southeast Asia.. Etymology The genus ''Blythia'' is named in honor of English zoologist Edward Blyth. Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. . (''Blythia'', p. 28). Species The following two species are recognized as being valid. * '' Blythia hmuifang'' G. Vogel, Lalremsanga & Vanlalhrima, 2017 – Mizoram ground snake * '' Blythia reticulata'' ( Blyth, 1854) – Blyth's reticulate snake ''Nota bene ( ; plural: ) is the Latin language, Latin phrase meaning ''note well''. In manuscripts, ''nota bene'' is abbreviated in upper-case as NB and N.B., and in lower-case as n.b. and nb; the editorial usages of ''nota bene'' and ''notate bene'' fi ...'': A binomial authority in parenth ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Oreocalamus (snake)
''Oreocalamus'' is a genus of snake in the family Colubridae of the superfamily Colubroidea. The genus ''Oreocalamus'' is a monotypic taxon that contains the sole species ''Oreocalamus hanitschi''. ''O. hanitschi'' is commonly known as Hanitsch's reed snake, the Kalimantan burrowing snake, and the mountain reed snake. It is found in Malaysia. Etymology The specific name, ''hanitschi'', is in honor of German biologist Karl Richard Hanitsch. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). ''The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles''. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. . (''Oreocalamus hanitschi'', p. 115). Habitat The preferred natural habitat of ''O. hanitschi'' is forest, at altitudes of . Diet ''O. hanitschi'' preys upon earthworms. Reproduction ''O. hanitschi'' is oviparous Oviparous animals are animals that reproduce by depositing fertilized zygotes outside the body (i.e., by laying or spawning) in metabolically independent incubation orga ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
