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Cnergyico
Cnergyico Pk Limited, formerly Byco Petroleum Pakistan Limited and Bosicor Pakistan Limited, is a Pakistani petroleum refinery based in Karachi. It is a subsidiary of the Mauritian company Cnergyico Industries Incorporated. Cnergyico operates the largest oil refinery based in Hub, Balochistan, a network of petrol pumps, and a crude oil terminal, single point mooring. History Cnergyico was formed by the father-son-duo of Parvez Abbasi and Amir Abbassciy on January 9, 1995, and was granted a certificate of commencement of business on March 13, 1995. It was initially called Bosicor Pakistan Limited. In 2001, Bosicor began construction of its first refinery (ORC-1) and a year later, it was listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange. It began commercial production on July 1, 2004. The refining capacity was initially 18,000 barrels per day which was later increased to 36,000 barrels per day. The company opened its first petrol pump in June 2007 near Sukkur. A year later, the company b ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Single Buoy Mooring
A Single buoy mooring (SrM) (also known as single-point mooring or SPM) is a loading buoy A buoy (; ) is a buoyancy, floating device that can have many purposes. It can be anchored (stationary) or allowed to drift with ocean currents. History The ultimate origin of buoys is unknown, but by 1295 a seaman's manual referred to navig ... anchored offshore, that serves as a mooring point and interconnect for tankers loading or offloading gas or liquid products. SPMs are the link between geostatic subsea manifold connections and weathervaning tankers. They are capable of handling any tonnage ship, even very large crude carriers (VLCC) where no alternative facility is available. In shallow water SPMs are used to load and unload crude oil and refined products from inshore and offshore oilfields or refineries, usually through some form of storage system. These buoys are usually suitable for use by all types of oil tanker. In deep water oil fields, SPMs are usually used to lo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hub, Balochistan
Hub () is a city and capital of the Hub District in Pakistan's Balochistan province. It is the 54th largest city of Pakistan by population, according to the 2023 census, and is also Balochistan's fourth-largest city. Hub is an industrial city and its original name was Hub Chowki because once there was a police and customs check post (which is known as chowki in Urdu), named Nakahi. After the development of factories and many other industries, the town was renamed as Hub. It is one of the largest industrial centres of Balochistan, and, because of its proximity to Karachi, is becoming a commuter town of the Karachi metropolitan area. History The Kalmati Malik Principality of Hub-Malir Following the downfall of the Sultanate of Makran (mid 12th-early 14th century, A.D.)" the succeeding Baloch state of Kalmat (14th to mid-16th century) flourished in the coastal region extending from Pasni southward most probably as far as the Hub river. Demographics Population According ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pakistan State Oil
Pakistan State Oil Company Limited (PSOCL) operating as PSO, is a Karachi-based, state-owned energy company. Established in 1976, the company operates in the oil and gas industry.As of 2024, it maintains a network of 3,580 retail outlets, nine installations, 19 depots, refueling facilities at 14 airports, and operations at two major seaports. It also has the country’s largest storage capacity of 1.24 million tons, PSO supplies fuel to 3 million customers daily, and holds a market share of 51.6% in Pakistan's downstream oil market. History PSO's history dates back to January 1, 1974, when the Government of Pakistan took control of Pakistan National Oil (PNO) and Dawood Petroleum Limited. These entities merged to form the Premier Oil Company Limited (POCL) under the Federal Control Act 1974. Soon after that, on 3 June 1974, Petroleum Storage Development Corporation (PSDC) came into existence. PSDC was then renamed as State Oil Company Limited (SOCL) on 23 August 1976. Followi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
KSE 100 Index
The KSE-100 Index is a total return stock index acting as a benchmark to compare prices on the Pakistan Stock Exchange (PSX) over a period. In determining representative companies to compute the index on, companies with the highest market capitalization are selected. However, to ensure full market representation, the company with the highest market capitalization from each sector is also included. History KSE 100 Index was launched in November 1991 with a base of 1,000 points. In November 1994, Baring Securities London recomposed the index and established rules for its recomposition. Steady growth In 2001, the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) became the highest-performing stock market globally, supported by macroeconomic policies that increased foreign exchange reserves above five billion dollars and strengthened the rupee. Daily trading volumes reached approximately 200 million shares. The market's positive trajectory was temporarily affected by military tensions following ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Puma Energy Pakistan
Amir Waliuddin Chishti () is a Pakistani politician and businessman who has been a member of the Senate of Pakistan since April 2024. He is also the chairman of Darul Sehat Hospital, its medical school Liaquat College of Medicine & Dentistry, and the owner of Puma Energy Pakistan. Previously, he served as the chief executive officer (CEO) of Admore Gas until March 1, 2016. Political career Chishti began his political career by joining the All Pakistan Muttahidda Students Organization. He served as the unit in-charge of Government Premier College in North Nazimabad in the early 1990s. In April 2024, Chishti was elected from Sindh province during the 2024 Pakistani Senate election as a Muttahida Qaumi Movement – Pakistan candidate on a general seat. Controversy In 2019, Chishti faced legal action after the death of nine-month-old Nashwa, who reportedly suffered from improper treatment at his hospital in Gulistan-e-Jauhar, Karachi. On April 7, the treatment allegedly led to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Petrochemical
Petrochemicals (sometimes abbreviated as petchems) are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining. Some chemical compounds made from petroleum are also obtained from other fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas, or renewable sources such as maize, palm fruit or sugar cane. The two most common petrochemical classes are olefins (including ethylene and propylene) and aromatics (including benzene, toluene and xylene isomers). Oil refineries produce olefins and aromatics by fluid catalytic cracking of petroleum fractions. Chemical plants produce olefins by steam cracking of natural gas liquids like ethane and propane. Aromatics are produced by catalytic reforming of naphtha. Olefins and aromatics are the building-blocks for a wide range of materials such as solvents, detergents, and adhesives. Olefins are the basis for polymers and oligomers used in plastics, resins, fibers, elastomers, lubricants, and gels. Global ethylene production was 190 milli ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lubricants
A lubricant (sometimes shortened to lube) is a substance that helps to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact, which ultimately reduces the heat generated when the surfaces move. It may also have the function of transmitting forces, transporting foreign particles, or heating or cooling the surfaces. The property of reducing friction is known as lubricity. In addition to industrial applications, lubricants are used for many other purposes. Other uses include cooking ( oils and fats in use in frying pans and baking to prevent food sticking), to reduce rusting and friction in machinery, through the use of motor oil and grease, bioapplications on humans (e.g., lubricants for artificial joints), ultrasound examination, medical examination, and sexual intercourse. It is mainly used to reduce friction and to contribute to a better, more efficient functioning of a mechanism. History Lubricants have been in some use for thousands of years. Calcium soaps have been ide ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Liquefied Petroleum Gas
Liquefied petroleum gas, also referred to as liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), is a fuel gas which contains a flammable mixture of hydrocarbon gases, specifically propane, Butane, ''n''-butane and isobutane. It can also contain some propylene, butylene, and isobutylene/Isobutylene, isobutene. LPG is used as a fuel gas in HVAC, heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles, and is used as an aerosol propellant and a refrigerant, replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an effort to reduce the damage it causes to the ozone layer. When specifically used as a vehicle fuel, it is often referred to as autogas or just as Autogas#Terminology variations and confusion, gas. Varieties of LPG that are bought and sold include mixes that are mostly propane (), mostly butane (), and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. In the northern hemisphere winter, the mixes contain more propane, while in summer, they contain more butane. In the United States, mainly two grad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Compressed Natural Gas
Compressed natural gas (CNG) is a fuel gas mainly composed of methane (CH4), compressed to less than 1% of the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a pressure of , usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes. CNG is used in traditional petrol/internal combustion engine vehicles that have been modified, or in vehicles specifically manufactured for CNG use: either alone (dedicated), with a segregated liquid fuel system to extend range (dual fuel), or in conjunction with another fuel ( bi-fuel). It can be used in place of petrol, diesel fuel, and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). CNG combustion produces fewer undesirable gases than the aforementioned fuels. In comparison to other fuels, natural gas poses less of a threat in the event of a spill, because it is lighter than air and disperses quickly when released. Biomethane, biogas from anaerobic digestion or landfill, can be used. In response to high fuel prices a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Furnace Oil
Fuel oil is any of various fractions obtained from the distillation of petroleum (crude oil). Such oils include distillates (the lighter fractions) and residues (the heavier fractions). Fuel oils include heavy fuel oil (bunker fuel), marine fuel oil (MFO), furnace oil (FO), gas oil (gasoil), heating oils (such as home heating oil), diesel fuel, and others. The term ''fuel oil'' generally includes any liquid fuel that is burned in a furnace or boiler to generate heat (heating oils), or used in an engine to generate power (as motor fuels). However, it does not usually include other liquid oils, such as those with a flash point of approximately , or oils burned in cotton- or wool-wick burners. In a stricter sense, ''fuel oil'' refers only to the heaviest commercial fuels that crude oil can yield, that is, those fuels heavier than gasoline (petrol) and naphtha. Fuel oil consists of long-chain hydrocarbons, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes, and aromatics. Small molecules, such a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Winter Diesel Fuel
Winter diesel fuel (also known as ''winter diesel'', alpine diesel, or winterised diesel) refers to diesel fuel enhanced to prevent it from gelling in cold weather conditions. In general it is achieved by treatment with additives that change the low temperature characteristics of the fuel. Operation Diesel fuel is prone to ''waxing'' or ''gelling'' in cold weather; both are terms for the solidification of diesel oil into a partially crystalline state. Below the cloud point the fuel begins to develop solid wax particles giving it a cloudy appearance. The presence of solidified waxes thickens the oil and clogs fuel filters and injectors in engines. The crystals build up in the fuel line (especially in fuel filters) until the engine is starved of fuel, causing it to stop running. The cold filter plugging point (CFPP) is based on a standardized test that indicates the rate at which diesel fuel will flow through a standardized filtration device in a specified length of time when coo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jet Fuel
Jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF, also abbreviated avtur) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by Gas turbine, gas-turbine engines. It is colorless to straw-colored in appearance. The most commonly used fuels for commercial aviation are Jet A and Jet A-1, which are produced to a standardized international specification. The only other jet fuel commonly used in civilian turbine-engine powered aviation is Jet B, which is used for its enhanced cold-weather performance. Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. Jet fuel is therefore defined as a performance specification rather than a chemical compound. Furthermore, the range of molecular mass between hydrocarbons (or different carbon numbers) is defined by the requirements for the product, such as the freezing point or smoke point. Keros ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
