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Closteriaceae
The Closteriaceae are one of four families of Charophyte green algae in the order Desmidiales (desmids). It contains two genera, '' Closterium'' and '' Spinoclosterium''. Description Closteriaceae consists of individual cells that are longer than wide. The cell shape ranges from straight to curved (lunate), with some species having cells curved only at the poles. The cell wall is hyaline or brownish in color, and may be covered with various ornamentation such as grooves, ribs, scores, and polar thickenings. Cells contain axial chloroplasts with several pyrenoid Pyrenoids are sub-cellular phase-separated micro-compartments found in chloroplasts of many algae,Giordano, M., Beardall, J., & Raven, J. A. (2005). CO2 concentrating mechanisms in algae: mechanisms, environmental modulation, and evolution. ''An ...s. References Zygnematophyceae families Desmidiales {{green algae-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Desmidiales
Desmidiales, commonly called the desmids (''Gr.'' ''desmos'', bond or chain), are an order in the Charophyta, a division of green algae in which the land plants ( Embryophyta) emerged. Desmids consist of single-celled (sometimes filamentous or colonial) microscopic green algae. Because desmids are highly symmetrical, attractive, and come in a diversity of forms, they are popular subjects for microscopists, both amateur and professional. The desmids belong to the class Zygnematophyceae. Although they are sometimes grouped together as a single family Desmidiaceae, most classifications recognize three to five families, usually within their own order, Desmidiales. The Desmidiales comprise around 40 genera and 5,000 to 6,000Brook, Alan J., 1981. ''The Biology of Desmids'', page 1. (Berkeley: University of California Press). species, found mostly but not exclusively in fresh water. In general, desmids prefer acidic waters (pH between 4.8 and 7.0), so many species may be found in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zygnematophyceae Families
Zygnematophyceae (or Conjugatophyceae) is a class of green algae in the paraphylum streptophyte algae, also referred to as Charophyta, consisting of more than 4000 described species. The Zygnematophyceae are the sister clade of the Embryophyta (land plants). Common members of the Zygnematophyceae include the filamentous algae ''Spirogyra'' and '' Mougeotia'', as well as desmids, which are microscopic algae characterized by symmetrical and elaborately ornate cells. Morphology The body plan of Zygnematophyceae is simple, and the group appears to have gone through a secondary loss of morphological complexity. The most basal members are unicellular, but filamentous species have evolved at least five times, and a few species form colonies. Each cell contains a single nucleus. The chloroplasts of the Zygnematophyceae are large, typically axile but sometimes parietally located, and contain one or several pyrenoids. One or several chloroplasts may be present in a single cell. The shape ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Closterium Sp
''Closterium'' is a genus of desmid, a group of charophyte green algae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Closterium Data extracted from the It is placed in the family Closteriaceae. Species of ''Closterium'' are a common component of freshwater microalgae flora worldwide. Description ''Closterium'' is a diverse genus consisting of solitary cells, each made of two identical halves called semicells. Usually they are microscopic, but the largest can become easily visible to the naked eye. Cells are many times longer than broad, and are variously elongate to lunate (crescent-shaped). The poles are rounded, truncated, or pointed. The surface of the cell may be smooth or decorated with various features, such as striations or punctae. The cell wall is transparent, but with age it may become dark brown due to accumulated iron and manganese compounds. The cell nucleus is located in the middle of the cell. Each semicell contains a single axial chloroplast dotted with several pyrenoids. At eithe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Closterium
''Closterium'' is a genus of desmid, a group of charophyte green algae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Closterium Data extracted from the It is placed in the family Closteriaceae. Species of ''Closterium'' are a common component of freshwater microalgae flora worldwide. Description ''Closterium'' is a diverse genus consisting of solitary cells, each made of two identical halves called semicells. Usually they are microscopic, but the largest can become easily visible to the naked eye. Cells are many times longer than broad, and are variously elongate to lunate (crescent-shaped). The poles are rounded, truncated, or pointed. The surface of the cell may be smooth or decorated with various features, such as striations or punctae. The cell wall is transparent, but with age it may become dark brown due to accumulated iron and manganese compounds. The cell nucleus is located in the middle of the cell. Each semicell contains a single axial chloroplast dotted with several pyrenoids. At eith ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Spinoclosterium
''Spinoclosterium'' is a genus of green algae, specifically of the Closteriaceae.See the NCBIbr>webpage on Spinoclosterium Data extracted from the It is rare, but widely distributed in freshwater regions throughout the world. Description ''Spinoclosterium'' consists of solitary cells. Cells are relatively large, flattened, and are crescent-shaped in outline. The midregion is somewhat widened. The apices are broadly rounded to subcapitate, and are furnished with a stout, straight spine. Cells consist of two symmetrical halves, called semicells. Each semicell contains a single, axial chloroplast containing several pyrenoids scattered throughout. Each cell apex contains a vacuole. With its crescent-shaped cells, ''Spinoclosterium'' is similar to its sister genus ''Closterium'', but is easily distinguished by the tips of the cells bearing a spine. Reproduction ''Spinoclosterium'' is able to reproduce asexually and sexually. It is unusual for its mode of asexual cell division, which ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Family (biology)
Family (, : ) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between order and genus. A family may be divided into subfamilies, which are intermediate ranks between the ranks of family and genus. The official family names are Latin in origin; however, popular names are often used: for example, walnut trees and hickory trees belong to the family Juglandaceae, but that family is commonly referred to as the "walnut family". The delineation of what constitutes a family—or whether a described family should be acknowledged—is established and decided upon by active taxonomists. There are not strict regulations for outlining or acknowledging a family, yet in the realm of plants, these classifications often rely on both the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of plant species. Taxonomists frequently hold varying perspectives on these descriptions, leading to a lack of widespread consensus within the scientific community ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Charophyta
Charophyta () is a paraphyletic group of freshwater green algae, called charophytes (), sometimes treated as a division, yet also as a superdivision. The terrestrial plants, the Embryophyta emerged deep within Charophyta, possibly from terrestrial unicellular charophytes, with the class Zygnematophyceae as a sister group. With the Embryophyta now cladistically placed in the Charophyta, it is a synonym of Streptophyta. The sister group of the charophytes are the Chlorophyta. In some charophyte groups, such as the Zygnematophyceae or conjugating green algae, flagella are absent and sexual reproduction does not involve free-swimming flagellate sperm. Flagellate sperm, however, are found in stoneworts ( Charales) and Coleochaetales, orders of parenchymatous charophytes that are the closest relatives of the land plants, where flagellate sperm are also present in all except the conifers and flowering plants. Fossil stoneworts of early Devonian age that are similar to those of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Green Algae
The green algae (: green alga) are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/ Streptophyta. The land plants ( Embryophytes) have emerged deep within the charophytes as a sister of the Zygnematophyceae. Since the realization that the Embryophytes emerged within the green algae, some authors are starting to include them. The completed clade that includes both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic and is referred to as the clade Viridiplantae and as the kingdom Plantae. The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellates, most with two flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid (spherical), and filamentous forms, and macroscopic, multicellular seaweeds. There are about 22,000 species of green algae, many of which live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form coenobia (colonies), long filaments ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Order (biology)
Order () is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy. It is classified between family and class. In biological classification, the order is a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms and recognized by the nomenclature codes. An immediately higher rank, superorder, is sometimes added directly above order, with suborder directly beneath order. An order can also be defined as a group of related families. What does and does not belong to each order is determined by a taxonomist, as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with a capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consist ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Center For Biotechnology Information
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United States. The NCBI is located in Bethesda, Maryland, and was founded in 1988 through legislation sponsored by US Congressman Claude Pepper. The NCBI houses a series of databases relevant to biotechnology and biomedicine and is an important resource for bioinformatics tools and services. Major databases include GenBank for DNA sequences and PubMed, a bibliographic database for biomedical literature. Other databases include the NCBI Epigenomics database. All these databases are available online through the Entrez search engine. NCBI was directed by David Lipman, one of the original authors of the BLAST sequence alignment program and a widely respected figure in bioinformatics. GenBank NCBI had responsibility for making available the GenBank DNA seque ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chloroplast
A chloroplast () is a type of membrane-bound organelle, organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant cell, plant and algae, algal cells. Chloroplasts have a high concentration of chlorophyll pigments which capture the Radiant energy, energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy and release oxygen. The chemical energy created is then used to make sugar and other organic molecules from carbon dioxide in a process called the Calvin cycle. Chloroplasts carry out a number of other functions, including fatty acid synthesis, amino acid synthesis, and the immune response in plants. The number of chloroplasts per cell varies from one, in some unicellular algae, up to 100 in plants like ''Arabidopsis'' and wheat. Chloroplasts are highly dynamic—they circulate and are moved around within cells. Their behavior is strongly influenced by environmental factors like light color and intensity. Chloroplasts cannot be made anew by the plant cell and must ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrenoid
Pyrenoids are sub-cellular phase-separated micro-compartments found in chloroplasts of many algae,Giordano, M., Beardall, J., & Raven, J. A. (2005). CO2 concentrating mechanisms in algae: mechanisms, environmental modulation, and evolution. ''Annu. Rev. Plant Biol.'', 56, 99-131. and in a single group of land plants, the hornworts.Villarreal, J. C., & Renner, S. S. (2012) Hornwort pyrenoids, carbon-concentrating structures, evolved and were lost at least five times during the last 100 million years. ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'',109(46), 1873-1887. Pyrenoids are associated with the operation of a carbon-concentrating mechanism (CCM). Their main function is to act as centres of carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation, by generating and maintaining a CO2-rich environment around the photosynthesis, photosynthetic enzyme ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). Pyrenoids therefore seem to have a role analogous to that of carboxysomes in cyanobacteria. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
