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Climate Change Law
Climate change litigation, also known as climate litigation, is an emerging body of environmental law using legal practice to set case law precedent to further climate change mitigation efforts from public institutions, such as governments and companies. In the face of slow politics of climate change, climate change politics delaying climate change mitigation, Climate activism, activists and lawyers have increased efforts to use national and international judiciary systems to advance the effort. Climate litigation typically engages in one of five types of legal claims: Constitutional law (focused on breaches of constitutional rights by the state), administrative law (challenging the merits of administrative decision making), private law (challenging corporations or other organizations for negligence, nuisance, etc., Consumer protection, fraud or consumer protection (challenging companies for misrepresenting information about climate impacts), or human rights (claiming that failure t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Court Of The Netherlands, Large Courtroom (cropped)
Supreme may refer to: Entertainment * Supreme (character), a comic book superhero created by Rob Liefeld * ''Supreme'' (film), a 2016 Telugu film * Supreme (producer), hip-hop record producer * "Supreme" (song), a 2000 song by Robbie Williams * The Supremes, Motown-era singer group * Supreme Pictures Corporation, 1930s film company Other * Supreme (brand), a clothing brand based in New York * Supreme (cookery), a term used in cookery * Supreme, Louisiana, a census-designated place in the United States * Supreme Soviet, the highest legislation body of Soviet Union, dissolved in 1991 * Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme, car produced by Oldsmobile between 1966 and 1997 * Plaxton Supreme, British coach bodywork built in the late 1970s and early 1980s See also * Supreme Records (other), several record labels * Supremo (other) * Supreme court * Supremacy (other) Supremacy may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Gaming * ''Supremacy'' (board game), a 198 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Juliana V
Juliana (variants Julianna, Giuliana, Iuliana, Yuliana, etc) is a feminine given name which is the feminine version of the Roman name Julianus. Juliana or Giuliana was the name of a number of early saints, notably Saint Julian the Hospitaller, which ensured the name's continued popularity in the medieval period. People with the given name Juliana or Julianna Medieval :''Ordered chronologically'' *Julianna of Paul and Juliana (died 270), Christian martyr during the Aurelian persecution *St. Juliana of Nicomedia (died 304), Christian martyr during the Diocletian persecution *St. Juliana (, a martyr associated with the legend of Saint Cucuphas * Juliana Grenier (died between 1213 and 1216) *St. Juliana of Liège (1193–1252), nun and visionary from Retinnes in Fléron in the Bishopric of Liège, now in Belgium *St. Juliana Falconieri (1270–1341), Italian foundress of the Servite Third Order *Juliana or Julian of Norwich (1342–1416), English anchoress, Christian mystic and theolo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Carbon Budget
A carbon budget is a concept used in politics of climate change to help set greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets in a fair and effective way. It examines the "maximum amount of cumulative net global anthropogenic carbon dioxide () emissions that would result in limiting global warming to a given level". It can be expressed relative to the pre-industrial period (the year 1750). In this case, it is the ''total carbon budget.'' Or it can be expressed from a recent specified date onwards. In that case it is the ''remaining carbon budget''. A carbon budget that will keep global warming below a specified temperature limit is also called an emissions budget or quota, or allowable emissions. Apart from limiting the global temperature increase, another objective of such an emissions budget can be to limit sea level rise. Scientists combine estimates of various contributing factors to calculate the carbon budget. The estimates take into account the available scientific evidence as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Supreme Court Of New Zealand
The Supreme Court of New Zealand () is the highest court and the court of last resort of New Zealand. It formally came into being on 1 January 2004 and sat for the first time on 1 July 2004. It replaced the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, based in London. It was created with the passing of the Supreme Court Act 2003, on 15 October 2003. At the time, the creation of the Supreme Court and the abolition of appeals to the Privy Council were controversial constitutional changes in New Zealand. The Supreme Court Act 2003 was repealed on 1 March 2017 and superseded by the Senior Courts Act 2016. The current Supreme Court should not be confused with the High Court of New Zealand, which was known as the Supreme Court until 1980. The High Court, New Zealand’s superior court, was established in 1841 as the “Supreme Court of New Zealand”. Its name was changed in anticipation of the eventual creation of this final court of appeal within New Zealand. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tort
A tort is a civil wrong, other than breach of contract, that causes a claimant to suffer loss or harm, resulting in legal liability for the person who commits the tortious act. Tort law can be contrasted with criminal law, which deals with criminal wrongs that are punishable by the state. While criminal law aims to punish individuals who commit crimes, tort law aims to compensate individuals who suffer harm as a result of the actions of others. Some wrongful acts, such as assault and battery, can result in both a civil lawsuit and a criminal prosecution in countries where the civil and criminal legal systems are separate. Tort law may also be contrasted with contract law, which provides civil remedies after breach of a duty that arises from a contract. Obligations in both tort and criminal law are more fundamental and are imposed regardless of whether the parties have a contract. While tort law in civil law jurisdictions largely derives from Roman law, common law jurisdictio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Smith V Fonterra Co-operative Group Ltd
''Smith v Fonterra Co-Operative Group Ltd'' is a landmark New Zealand tort law case, concerning liability of major fossil fuel polluters for climate damage. The NZ Supreme Court held that polluting companies could be liable in tort to pay damages from global warming and rising sea levels to people whose coastal property is damaged, overturning courts below. Facts Mike Smith (activist), Michael John Smith stated that he was of Ngāpuhi and Ngāti Kahu descent, and was the climate change spokesman for the National Iwi Chairs Forum, Iwi Chairs’ Forum. He claimed customary interests in lands and other resources situated in or around Mahinepua in Northland Region, and argued that various sites of customary, cultural, historical, nutritional and spiritual significance to him are close to the coast, on low-lying land or are in the sea. Smith brought suit against several defendants that operate facilities that emit greenhouse gas emissions, including dairy farms, a power station, and an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Rights
Human rights are universally recognized Morality, moral principles or Social norm, norms that establish standards of human behavior and are often protected by both Municipal law, national and international laws. These rights are considered inherent and inalienable, meaning they belong to every individual simply by virtue of being human, regardless of characteristics like nationality, ethnicity, religion, or socio-economic status. They encompass a broad range of civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights, such as the right to life, freedom of expression, protection against enslavement, and right to education. The modern concept of human rights gained significant prominence after World War II, particularly in response to the atrocities of the Holocaust, leading to the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. This document outlined a comprehensive framework of rights that countries are encouraged t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Private Law
Private law is that part of a legal system that governs interactions between individual persons. It is distinguished from public law, which deals with relationships between both natural and artificial persons (i.e., organizations) and the state, including regulatory statutes, penal law and other law that affects the public order. In general terms, private law involves interactions between private individuals, whereas public law involves interrelations between the state and the general population. In legal systems of the civil law tradition, it is that part of the that involves relationships between individuals, such as the law of contracts and torts (as it is called in the common law tradition), and the law of obligations (as it is called in the civil law tradition). Concept One of the five capital lawyers in Roman law, Domitius Ulpianus, (170–223) – who differentiated ''ius publicum'' from ''ius privatum'' – the European, more exactly the continental law, p ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Administrative Law
Administrative law is a division of law governing the activities of government agency, executive branch agencies of government. Administrative law includes executive branch rulemaking (executive branch rules are generally referred to as "regulations"), adjudication, and the enforcement of laws. Administrative law is considered a branch of public law. Administrative law deals with the decision-making of administrative units of government that are part of the executive branch in such areas as international trade, manufacturing, the environment, taxation, broadcasting, immigration, and transport. Administrative law expanded greatly during the 20th century, as legislative bodies worldwide created more government agencies to regulate the social, economic and political spheres of human interaction. Civil law countries often have specialized administrative courts that review these decisions. In the last fifty years, administrative law, in many countries of the civil law tradition, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Climate Target
A climate target, climate goal or climate pledge is a measurable long-term commitment for climate policy and energy policy with the aim of limiting the climate change. Researchers within, among others, the UN climate panel have identified probable consequences of global warming for people and nature at different levels of warming. Based on this, politicians in a large number of countries have agreed on temperature targets for warming, which is the basis for scientifically calculated carbon budgets and ways to achieve these targets. This in turn forms the basis for politically decided global and national emission targets for greenhouse gases, targets for fossil-free energy production and efficient energy use, and for the extent of planned measures for climate change mitigation and adaptation. At least 164 countries have implemented climate targets in their national climate legislation. Global climate targets Global climate targets are goals that a large number of cou ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Climate Action
Climate action (or climate change action) refers to a range of activities, mechanisms, policy instruments, and so forth that aim at reducing the severity of human-induced climate change and its impacts. "More climate action" is a central demand of the climate movement. Climate inaction is the absence of climate action. Examples Some examples of climate action include: * Business action on climate change * Climate change adaptation * öller, V., R. van Diemen, J.B.R. Matthews, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, J.S. Fuglestvedt, A. Reisinger ... * Climate change mitigation * Climate finance">Climate change mitigation">öller, V., R. van Diemen, J.B.R. Matthews, C. Méndez, S. Semenov, J.S. Fuglestvedt, A. Reisinger ... * Climate change mitigation * Climate finance * Climate movement – actions by non-governmental organizations * Individual action on climate change * Politics of climate change Obstacles Human behaviour * Barriers to pro-environmental behaviour * Climate change denial ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greenpeace
Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning network, founded in Canada in 1971 by a group of Environmental movement, environmental activists. Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth to nurture life in all its biodiversity, diversity" and focuses its campaigning on worldwide issues such as climate change, deforestation, overfishing, whaling, commercial whaling, genetic engineering, Anti-war movement, anti-war and anti-nuclear issues. It uses direct action, advocacy, research, and ecotage to achieve its goals. The network comprises 26 independent national/regional organisations in over 55 countries across Europe, the Americas, Africa, Asia, Australia and the Pacific, as well as a coordinating body, Greenpeace International, based in Amsterdam, Netherlands. The global network does not accept funding from governments, corporations, or political parties, relying on three million individual supporters and foundation grants. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
