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Circassian Union And Charity Society
The Circassian Union and Charity Society () or Çerkes İttihat ve Teavün Cemiyeti () was a Circassian nationalist charitable organization in the Ottoman Empire. It was based on several principles, mainly intellectualism, Circassian nationalism, and belief in Islam. The organization had many activities, and engaged in building schools as well as charity work. The organization's school taught a variety of subjects, including P.E., Geography, Circassian language, Turkish language, French language, Circassian history, Ottoman history, Painting, Music, and more. The school taught in the Adyghe, Turkish and Russian languages. History Political situation Before the end of the Russo-Circassian War in 1864, a mass deportation was launched against the remaining population who survived the Circassian genocide. Calculations including those taking into account the Russian Imperial Government's own archival figures have estimated a loss of 95–97% Text of citation: "The estimates ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ghuaze
Ghuaze or Ğuaze (; "The Guide") is a Circassian newspaper in Turkey published since 1911. It uses Turkish as well as Circassian. Today, it is published online. The newspaper includes mostly political and historical articles. It was initially published by the Circassian Union and Mutual Aid Society.''Çerkes İtthâd ve Te‘âvün Cem‘iyyeti Nizâmnâme-i Esâsiyesi.'' January 28, 1909. References Turkish-language newspapers Newspapers published in Turkey {{Turkey-newspaper-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Special Organization (Ottoman Empire)
The Special Organization (, abbreviated TM) was an intelligence, paramilitary, and secret police organization in the Ottoman Empire known for its key role in the commission of the Armenian genocide. Originally organized under the Ministry of War, the organization was shifted to answer directly to the ruling party Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) in February 1915. Led by Bahaeddin Şakir and Nazım Bey and formed in early 1914 of tribesmen (especially Circassians and Kurds) as well as more than 10,000 convicted criminals—offered a chance to redeem themselves if they served the state—as a force independent of the regular army. Origins The exact date of establishment is unclear or disputed. According to some researchers, the organization might have been established by Enver Pasha, who placed Süleyman Askeri in charge of the organization on 17 November 1913. Its establishment date is rather vague since it was really a continuation of various smaller groups established ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
English Language
English is a West Germanic language that developed in early medieval England and has since become a English as a lingua franca, global lingua franca. The namesake of the language is the Angles (tribe), Angles, one of the Germanic peoples that Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, migrated to Britain after its End of Roman rule in Britain, Roman occupiers left. English is the list of languages by total number of speakers, most spoken language in the world, primarily due to the global influences of the former British Empire (succeeded by the Commonwealth of Nations) and the United States. English is the list of languages by number of native speakers, third-most spoken native language, after Mandarin Chinese and Spanish language, Spanish; it is also the most widely learned second language in the world, with more second-language speakers than native speakers. English is either the official language or one of the official languages in list of countries and territories where English ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Greek Language
Greek (, ; , ) is an Indo-European languages, Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic languages, Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family. It is native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, Caucasus, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean. It has the list of languages by first written accounts, longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system is the Greek alphabet, which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary. The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with the epics of Homer, ancient Greek literature includes many works of lasting importance in the European canon. Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arabic
Arabic (, , or , ) is a Central Semitic languages, Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic languages, Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) assigns language codes to 32 varieties of Arabic, including its standard form of Literary Arabic, known as Modern Standard Arabic, which is derived from Classical Arabic. This distinction exists primarily among Western linguists; Arabic speakers themselves generally do not distinguish between Modern Standard Arabic and Classical Arabic, but rather refer to both as ( "the eloquent Arabic") or simply ' (). Arabic is the List of languages by the number of countries in which they are recognized as an official language, third most widespread official language after English and French, one of six official languages of the United Nations, and the Sacred language, liturgical language of Islam. Arabic is widely taught in schools and universities around the wo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
French Language
French ( or ) is a Romance languages, Romance language of the Indo-European languages, Indo-European family. Like all other Romance languages, it descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire. French evolved from Northern Old Gallo-Romance, a descendant of the Latin spoken in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien language, Francien) largely supplanted. It was also substratum (linguistics), influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul and by the Germanic languages, Germanic Frankish language of the post-Roman Franks, Frankish invaders. As a result of French and Belgian colonialism from the 16th century onward, it was introduced to new territories in the Americas, Africa, and Asia, and numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole, were established. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Fra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ahmet Mithat
Ahmet Mithat (c. 1844 – 28 December 1912) was an Ottoman journalist, author, translator and publisher during the Tanzimat period. In scholarship, he is typically referred to as Ahmet Mithat Efendi to distinguish him from the contemporary politician Midhat Pasha; Ahmet Mithat took on his second name "Mithat" while working for Midhat Pasha as an official and newspaper editor in the Vilayet of the Danube. Politically, his orientation was more conservative, compared to writers such as Namık Kemal. He was a prolific writer, more than 250 of his works have survived. From 1878 he published a newspaper entitled '' Tercüman-ı Hakikat'' (Interpreter of Truth). Before that he was one of the contributors of '' Basiret'', a newspaper published between 1870 and 1879. His editorship and publication of Olga Lebedeva's translations of Russian literature into Turkish served as an introduction of Tolstoy, Lermontov and Pushkin Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin () was a Russian poet, play ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ismail Hakkı Berkok
Ismail Hakkı Berkok (; 1890 – 11 May 1954) was a Turkish general, publicist, historian and deputy of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey of Circassian origin. He wrote a detailed work about Circassian history and was a Circassian nationalist. Ancestry and early life Father of Ismail – Ali Berkok was a muhajir from the North Caucasus. He descended from an aristocratic family from Dzhereshti (Jereshty). Together with his brother Yusuf he moved to the Ottoman Empire after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) following the Russo-Circassian War. After the relocation, they settled in the Kayseri Province in the Pinarbashi district and called it Jereshty. Ismail Hakkı Berkok was born there. He lost his parents early, but in spite of all the difficulties Ismail Berkok yet graduated from high school and enrolled in the Ottoman Military College, which he graduated from in 1910. In the World War I and Turkish War of Independence World War Ismail Berkok met in Macedonia on the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hamdi Pasha
Ahmed Hamdi Pasha was a Kurdish Ottoman minister of the Marine, Secretary General of the Society for the Elevation of Kurdistan from 1918-1920 and a General officer of the Ottoman Army. A graduate of the Ottoman Military College, he rose to the rank of divisional general and chief of general staff. He was forced into early retirement by the Committee of Union and Progress, but continued to oppose them politically. British government documents describe Hamdi as one of the leading lights of the Kurdish nationalist movement. Hamdi was in continuous contact with Sir Horace Rumbold, 9th Baronet regarding the memorandums of the Society for the Elevation of Kurdistan including the prospect of an independent Kurdistan as a barrier to Bolshevik progression into Mesopotamia. During the Turkish War of Independence , strength1 = May 1919: 35,000November 1920: 86,000Turkish General Staff, ''Türk İstiklal Harbinde Batı Cephesi'', Edition II, Part 2, Ankara 1999, p. 225A ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Zeki Pasha
Zeki Pasha İzzettin Çalışlar, ''On yıllık savaşın günlüğü: Balkan, Birinci Dünya ve İstiklal Savaşları'', Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 1997, (; 1862–1943), known as Mehmet Zeki Baraz Kolaç Kılıçoğlu after the 1934 Surname Law,Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu name, ''Osmanlı Askerlik Literatürü Tarihi: History of Military Art and Science Literature during the Ottoman Period'', İslâm Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Merkezi (IRCICA), 2004, was an Ottoman Balkan Wars and World War I field marshal of the Ottoman Army. He was of Circassian descent. Career He graduated from the Ottoman Military Academy in 1883 and the Staff College in 1887. As his sister was one of the favourite wives of Sultan Abdul Hamid II, Zeki Pasha had a direct link with the Palace and was much trusted by the Sultan. As Commander of the IV Corps he was responsible for the tribal Hamidiye cavalry. In 1894, he was decorated for his participation during the Sassoun massacre. During the m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Imam Shamil
Imam Shamil (; ; ; ; ; 26 June 1797 – 4 February 1871) was the political, military, and spiritual leader of North Caucasian resistance to Imperial Russia in the 1800s, the third Imam of the Caucasian Imamate (1840–1859), and a Sunni Muslim sheikh of the Naqshbandi Sufis. Family and early life Imam Shamil was born in 1797 into an Avar Muslim family. He was born in the small village ( aul) of Gimry (present-day Dagestan, Russia). Some sources state that he had a paternal Kumyk lineage. He was originally named Ali, but following local tradition, his name was changed to ''Shamuyil'' (, equivalent to ''Samuel'') when he became ill. This name is pronounced ''Shamil'' in the Caucasus, and contemporary sources called him by this name (either or in Arabic), although in his writings he always used the form ''Shamuyil''. His father, Dengau, was a landlord, and this position allowed Shamil and his close friend Ghazi Muhammad to study many subjects, including Arabic and logic. ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Circassia
Circassia ( ), also known as Zichia, was a country and a historical region in . It spanned the western coastal portions of the North Caucasus, along the northeastern shore of the Black Sea. Circassia was conquered by the Russian Empire during the Russo-Circassian War (1763–1864), after which approximately 80–97% of the Circassians, Circassian people were either exiled or massacred in the Circassian genocide. In the medieval era, Circassia was nominally ruled by an elected Grand Prince, but individual principalities and tribes were autonomous. In the 18th–19th centuries, List of leaders of the Circassian Confederation, a central government began to form. The Circassians also dominated the northern end of the Kuban (river), Kuban River, but were eventually pushed back to the south of the Kuban after suffering losses to military raids conducted by the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde, and the Crimean Khanate. Their reduced borders then stretched from the Taman Peninsula to No ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
