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Cippus Perusinus
The Cippus Perusinus is a stone tablet (cippus) discovered on the hill of San Marco, in Perugia, Italy, in 1822. The tablet bears 46 lines of incised Etruscan language, Etruscan text, about 130 words. The cippus, which seems to have been a border stone, appears to display a text dedicating a legal contract between the Etruscan families of Velthina (from Perugia) and Afuna (from Chiusi), regarding the sharing or use, including water rights, of a property upon which there was a tomb belonging to the noble Velthinas. The date of the inscription is considered to be 3rd or 2nd century BC. The Cippus is conserved in the National Archeological Museum of Perugia. Original text Formatted according to latest theory by F. Roncalli for the original lines, distorted when they were copied onto this stone. There are no capital letters in the original, but known and certain names are capitalized below. Line numbers in parentheses indicate those of the actual cippus. Word spacing is mostly hyp ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stone
In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter. It is categorized by the minerals included, its Chemical compound, chemical composition, and the way in which it is formed. Rocks form the Earth's outer solid layer, the Earth's crust, crust, and most of its interior, except for the liquid Earth's outer core, outer core and pockets of magma in the asthenosphere. The study of rocks involves multiple subdisciplines of geology, including petrology and mineralogy. It may be limited to rocks found on Earth, or it may include planetary geology that studies the rocks of other celestial objects. Rocks are usually grouped into three main groups: igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. Igneous rocks are formed when magma cools in the Earth's crust, or lava cools on the ground surface or the seabed. Sedimentary rocks are formed by diagenesis and lithification of sediments, which in turn are formed by the weathe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tricolon
Isocolon is a rhetorical scheme in which parallel elements possess the same number of words or syllables. As in any form of parallelism, the pairs or series must enumerate like things to achieve symmetry. The scheme is called bicolon, tricolon, or tetracolon depending on whether they are two, three, or four parallel elements.''Dizionario di retorica e stilistica'', UTET, Toino, 2004. Etymology The term, a compound of ''ísos'' 'equal' and ''kôlon'' 'member, clause' was used in the classical Greek rhetorical literature: The Greek plural is 'isocola', but 'isocolons' is also used in English. Bicolon An example of bicolon is the advertising slogan "buy one, get one free" (you pay for one item but you get another free). In Biblical poetry it is standard to see a pair of adjacent lines of poetry in which the second echoes the meaning of the first.Tremper Longman, Peter Enns, ''Dictionary of the Old Testament: wisdom, poetry & writings'' 3, p. 520 This can be considered a bico ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Etruscan Inscriptions
__NOTOC__ Etruscan may refer to: Ancient civilization *Etruscan civilization (1st millennium BC) and related things: **Etruscan language **Etruscan architecture **Etruscan art **Etruscan cities **Etruscan coins **Etruscan history **Etruscan mythology **Etruscan numerals **Etruscan origins **Etruscan society **Etruscan terracotta warriors Biological taxa * Etruscan bear (''Ursus etruscus'', extinct) *Etruscan honeysuckle (''Lonicera etrusca'') *Etruscan shrew (''Suncus etruscus'', white-toothed pygmy shrew) Other uses *''The Etruscan'', a novel *Etruscan Press, a publisher *Etruscan Resources, a mining company See also *Etrurian (other) *Toscano (other) *Tuscan (other) *Tuscany (other) {{disambiguation Language and nationality disambiguation pages ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1822 Archaeological Discoveries
Eighteen or 18 may refer to: * 18 (number) * One of the years 18 BC, AD 18, 1918, 2018 Film, television and entertainment * ''18'' (film), a 1993 Taiwanese experimental film based on the short story ''God's Dice'' * ''Eighteen'' (film), a 2005 Canadian dramatic feature film * 18 (British Board of Film Classification), a film rating in the United Kingdom, also used in Ireland by the Irish Film Classification Office * 18 (''Dragon Ball''), a character in the ''Dragon Ball'' franchise * "Eighteen", a 2006 episode of the animated television series ''12 oz. Mouse'' Science * Argon, a noble gas in the periodic table * 18 Melpomene, an asteroid in the asteroid belt Music Albums * ''18'' (Moby album), 2002 * ''18'' (Nana Kitade album), 2005 * '' 18...'', 2009 debut album by G.E.M. * ''18'' (Jeff Beck and Johnny Depp album), 2022 Songs * "18" (5 Seconds of Summer song), from their 2014 eponymous debut album * "18" (One Direction song), from their 2014 studio album ''Four'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
3rd-century BC Steles
The 3rd century was the period from AD 201 (represented by the Roman numerals CCI) to AD 300 (CCC) in accordance with the Julian calendar. In this century, the Roman Empire saw a crisis, starting with the assassination of the Roman Emperor Severus Alexander in 235, plunging the empire into a period of economic troubles, barbarian incursions, political upheavals, civil wars, and the split of the Roman Empire through the Gallic Empire in the west and the Palmyrene Empire in the east, which all together threatened to destroy the Roman Empire in its entirety, but the reconquests of the seceded territories by Emperor Aurelian and the stabilization period under Emperor Diocletian due to the administrative strengthening of the empire caused an end to the crisis by 284. This crisis would also mark the beginning of Late Antiquity. While in North Africa, Roman rule continued with growing Christian influence, particularly in the region of Carthage. In Persia, the Parthian Empire was suc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Golini Tomb
The Golini Tombs are 4th-century bce, Etruscan tombs discovered near the hamlet of Porano (also described as Poggio Roccolo near Settecamini) , near Orvieto, Italy. Two adjacent tombs were discovered in 1863 by Domenico Golini (from whom the name of the tombs derives). Originally the two Etruscan tombs were called "Tombs of the two chariots" (the so-called Golini I tomb) and "Tomba dei Velii" (the so-called Golini II tomb). Currently, the original frescoes are preserved in the archaeological museum in Orvieto, and visible in an installation that faithfully reproduces the structure of the funerary chambers. The two tombs are frescoed with scenes (accompanied by inscriptions in the Etruscan language) representing the deceased (probably until proven otherwise; those buried in their respective tombs) and his arrival in Hades and his welcome into the afterlife with a banquet prepared in his honor. Danish archeologist Frederik Poulsen described the site in 1922: Notes on transl ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pyrgi Tablets
The Pyrgi Tablets (dated ) are three golden plates inscribed with a bilingual Phoenician– Etruscan dedicatory text. They are the oldest historical source documents from Italy, predating Roman hegemony, and are rare examples of texts in these languages. They were discovered in 1964 during a series of excavations at the site of ancient Pyrgi, on the Tyrrhenian coast of Italy in Latium (Lazio). The text records the foundation of a temple and its dedication to the Phoenician goddess Astarte, who is identified with the Etruscan supreme goddess Uni in the Etruscan text. The temple's construction is attributed to Thefarie Velianas, ruler of the nearby city of Caere. Two of the tablets are inscribed in the Etruscan language, the third in Phoenician. The writings are important in providing both a bilingual text that allows researchers to use knowledge of Phoenician to interpret Etruscan, and evidence of Phoenician or Punic influence in the Western Mediterranean. They may relate ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Perugia
Perugia ( , ; ; ) is the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by the River Tiber. The city is located about north of Rome and southeast of Florence. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area. It has 162,467 inhabitants as of 2025. The history of Perugia goes back to the Etruscan period; Perugia was one of the main Etruscan cities. The city is also known as a university town, with the University of Perugia founded in 1308, the University for Foreigners Perugia, University for Foreigners, and some smaller colleges such as the Academy of Fine Arts "Pietro Vannucci" () public athenaeum founded in 1573, the Perugia University Institute of Linguistic Mediation for translators and interpreters, the Music Conservatory of Perugia, founded in 1788, and other institutes. Perugia is also a well-known cultural and artistic centre of Italy. The city hosts multiple annual festivals and events, e.g., former Eurochocolate Festival (October), now in Bastia U ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiusi
Chiusi ( Etruscan: ''Clevsin''; Umbrian: ''Camars''; Ancient Greek: ''Klysion'', ''Κλύσιον''; Latin: ''Clusium'') is a town and ''comune'' in the province of Siena, Tuscany, Italy. History Clusium (''Clevsin or Camars'' in Etruscan) was one of the more powerful cities in the Etruscan League of twelve peoples. Chiusi came under the influence of Rome in the 3rd century BC and was involved in the Social War. According to a Roman historical tradition Arruns of Clusium invited Gaul mercenaries from the Po Valley into Clusium to seek revenge for a domestic conflict concerning his wife. However the Gauls sacked the city instead and settled in the region. In 540 AD it was occupied by the Ostrogoths and was later seat of a Lombard duchy. From the 11th century it was under the rule of the local bishop, and was later contended for by Orvieto and, from 1231, Siena, belonging to the latter until 1556, when it was annexed to the Grand duchy of Tuscany. The region was devastat ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cippus
A () was a low, round, or rectangular pedestal set up by the Ancient Romans for purposes such as a milestone or a boundary post. They were also used for somewhat differing purposes by the Etruscans and Carthaginians. Roman cippi Roman cippi were made of wood or stone; inscriptions on the stone cippi indicate their function or the area that they surrounded, like sanctuaries and temple areas. In Rome they marked the limits of the after the city's walls were expanded further out, the course of aqueducts, and the . Cippi lined up in rows were also often numbered, often featuring the name of the person placing them or the distance to the nearest other cippus. The inscriptions on some cippi show that they were occasionally used as funeral memorials. Etruscan cippi Between 800–100 BC, cippi were used by the Etruscans as tombstones, which were shaped differently depending on the place and time of origin. Cippi were set up as a stele, column or sculpture in the dromos of an Et ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
