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Chronology Of Pakistan's Rocket Tests
The Chronology of Pakistan's rocket tests entails the series of sounding rocket launches conducted by the Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) aimed at advancing Pakistan's space program. These launches were instrumental in developing high-altitude rockets, fostering scientific exploration, and providing invaluable data for research in physics and atmospheric sciences. Commencing in 1962 and continuing until its partial termination in 1972, SUPARCO successfully launched over 200 sounding rockets. These missions were pivotal in studying the upper atmosphere, including investigations into temperature gradients, wind velocities, and atmospheric density. An important milestone in Pakistan's space exploration history was the successful launch of Rehbar-I, signifying the nation's pioneering role among developing countries, the Islamic world, and South Asia South Asia is the southern Subregion#Asia, subregion of Asia that is defined in both geographical and E ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission
The Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission, commonly referred to as SUPARCO, is the national space agency of Pakistan. The agency, originally established in 1961 as a committee in Karachi, became an independent commission in 1981. Its initial objective was to learn rocketry and high altitude research from the United States, which ultimately led to the development of a national satellite program. This culminated in the successful launch of Pakistan's first satellite from China in 1990. The agency was also an early participant in the rocket development program launched by the Ministry of Defence of Pakistan. The agency leads the National Space Program (NSP) and maintains the orbital operations of its satellites with support facilities throughout the country. SUPARCO also serves as the secretariat for Pakistan Space Activities Regulatory Board (PSARB) which was established in February 2024 under the National Command Authority to regulate all space-related activities i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Judi-Dart
The Judi-Dart is a United States Solid-propellant rocket, solid fueled sounding rocket. It was manufactured by Rocket Power Inc. It belonged to the Loki (rocket), Loki rocket family. The Judi-Dart was launched 89 times between 1964 and 1970. The Judi-Dart has a length of 2.70 metres, a diameter of 0.08 metres, a maximum flight altitude of 65 kilometres and a launch thrust of 9000 newton (unit), newtons. Description Engine The engine was internal combustion, with 1.70 m long and 8 cm in diameter (1.9KS2150) with an initial thrust of 9 kN, and a combustion time of only 2 seconds, reaching almost a speed of 1500 m/s. At this time, the engine separates from the bolt, which reaches its 75 km peak at around 135 seconds after ignition start. Dart The upper part of the rocket was a cylinder 4 cm in diameter and approximately 1 m high, and aerodynamically optimized. The diameter of this dart varied slightly depending on the payload. Usage It was used fo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nuclear History Of Pakistan
Nuclear may refer to: Physics Relating to the nucleus of the atom: * Nuclear engineering *Nuclear physics *Nuclear power *Nuclear reactor *Nuclear weapon *Nuclear medicine *Radiation therapy *Nuclear warfare Mathematics * Nuclear space *Nuclear operator * Nuclear congruence *Nuclear C*-algebra Biology Relating to the nucleus of the cell: * Nuclear DNA Society *Nuclear family, a family consisting of a pair of adults and their children Music * "Nuclear" (band), chilean thrash metal band * "Nuclear" (Ryan Adams song), 2002 *"Nuclear", a song by Mike Oldfield from his ''Man on the Rocks'' album * ''Nu.Clear'' (EP) by South Korean girl group CLC Films * ''Nuclear'' (film), a 2022 documentary by Oliver Stone. See also *Nucleus (other) *Nucleolus *Nucleation *Nucleic acid Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses. They are composed of nucleotides, which are the monomer components: a pentose, 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rockets And Missiles
A rocket (from , and so named for its shape) is a vehicle that uses jet propulsion to accelerate without using any surrounding air. A rocket engine produces thrust by reaction to exhaust expelled at high speed. Rocket engines work entirely from propellant carried within the vehicle; therefore a rocket can fly in the vacuum of space. Rockets work more efficiently in a vacuum and incur a loss of thrust due to the opposing pressure of the atmosphere. Multistage rockets are capable of attaining escape velocity from Earth and therefore can achieve unlimited maximum altitude. Compared with airbreathing engines, rockets are lightweight and powerful and capable of generating large accelerations. To control their flight, rockets rely on momentum, airfoils, auxiliary reaction engines, gimballed thrust, momentum wheels, deflection of the exhaust stream, propellant flow, spin, or gravity. Rockets for military and recreational uses date back to at least 13th-century China. Significa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abdali-I
The Abdali (Urdu: ابدالى; Military designation: Hatf–II; Transliteration, ''Trans.'': ''Target-2'') is a Surface to surface missile, land-based Tactical ballistic missile, tactical ballistic missile currently in military service with the Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan), strategic command of the Pakistan Army. Designed and developed by the Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission, Space Research Commission (SUPARCO), the program is codename after Ahmad Shah Durrani, Ahmad Shah Abdali with its Pakistani military deployment designated as Hatf-II. Originally, the design was conceived in 1993 but was cancelled due to acquisition of DF-11, M-11 missiles from People’s Republic of China, China in 1994. Despite cancellation, the work on the program continued and was made feasible for funding in 1995 when the new design was approved for deployment. Design and specification The ''Abdali'' missile system is derived from the ''Hatf-I'', with its accuracy deemed su ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Hatf-I
The Hatf I (; Military designation: Hatf–I, Transliteration, ''Translit.'' ''Target-1'') is a Surface-to-surface missile, land-based Short-range ballistic missile, short-ranged ballistic missile, currently in service with the Army Strategic Forces Command (Pakistan), strategic command of the Pakistan Army. Jointly designed and developed by the SUPARCO, Space Research Commission and the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) in 1987, it is the first system developed under Pakistani missile research and development program, ''Hatf'' program (lit. ''Target'') and entered in military service with Pakistan Army in 1992. The ''Hatf''-I is deployed as rocket artillery weapon system and has been replaced by the improved ''Hatf-IA'' and ''Hatf-IB'', which have a maximum range of . Development and design With the revelation of Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, India's missile program, General (Pakistan), General Mirza Aslam Beg, Mirza Beg, then-Chief of Army Staff (Pakis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dragon (rocket)
The Dragon is a two-stage French solid propellant sounding rocket used for high altitude research between 1962 and 1973. It belonged thereby to a family of solid-propellant rockets derived from the Bélier, including the Centaure, the Dauphin and the Éridan. The dragon's first stage was a Stromboli engine (diameter 56 cm) which burned 675 kg of propellant in 16 seconds and so produced a maximum thrust of 88 kN. Versions of the Bélier engine were used as upper stages. A payload of 30 to 120 kg could be carried on parabolic with apogees between 440 km (270 mi) (Dragon-2B) and 560 km (340 mi)(Dragon-3) Versions The Dragon was built in several versions including the Dragon-2B, and Dragon-3: Launches Dragons have been launched from Andøya, Biscarrosse, Dumont d'Urville, CELPA (El Chamical), CIEES, Kerguelen Islands The Kerguelen Islands ( or ; in French commonly ' but officially ', ), also known as the Desolation Is ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Centaure (rocket)
Centaure was a two-stage French sounding rocket consisting of a Venus first stage and a Belier second stage. It belongs to a family of solid-propellant rockets consisting of the Belier, Centaure, Dragon, Dauphin, and Eridan. It was operated by Sud-Aviation between 1961 and 1986. Centaure rockets were launched from the CIEES/ Hammaguir missile range, Reggane, CELPA, Salto di Quirra, Esrange, Thumba, Sonmiani, and Andøya. It had a maximum payload of 60 kg, an apogee of 130-146 km, a launch thrust of 44 kN, a launch weight of 500-600 kg, a diameter of 0.28 m and a length of 5.9-6.3 m. Versions There were various versions of Centaure rockets: Launches A large number of Centaure rockets was launched between 1961 and 1986: See also * Belier * Dauphin * Dragon A dragon is a Magic (supernatural), magical legendary creature that appears in the folklore of multiple cultures worldwide. Beliefs about dragons vary considerably through regions, but European dr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nike-Cajun
The Nike-Cajun was a two-stage sounding rocket built by combining a Nike base stage with a Cajun upper stage. The Nike-Cajun was known as a CAN for Cajun And Nike. The Cajun was developed from the Deacon rocket. It retained the external size, shape and configuration of the Deacon but had 36 percent greater impulse than the Deacon due to improved propellant. It was launched 714 times between 1956 and 1976 and was the most frequently used sounding rocket of the western world. The Nike Cajun had a launch weight of 698 kg (1538 lb), a payload of 23 kg (51 lb), a launch thrust of 246 kN (55,300 lbf) and a maximum altitude of 120 km (394,000 ft). It had a diameter of 42 cm (1 ft 4 in) and a length of 7.70 m (25 ft 3 in). The maximum speed of the Nike-Cajun was . The Cajun stage of this rocket was named for the Cajun people of South Louisiana because one of the rocket's designers, J. G. Thibodaux, was a Cajun. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Atmospheric Science
Atmospheric science is the study of the Atmosphere of Earth, Earth's atmosphere and its various inner-working physical processes. Meteorology includes atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics with a major focus on weather forecasting. Climatology is the study of atmospheric conditions over timescales longer than those of weather, weather, focusing on average climate conditions and their climate variability and change, variability over time. Aeronomy is the study of the upper layers of the atmosphere, where dissociation (chemistry), dissociation and ionization are important. Atmospheric science has been extended to the field of planetary science and the study of the atmospheres of the planets and natural satellites of the Solar System. Experimental instruments used in atmospheric science include satellites, rocketsondes, radiosondes, weather balloons, radars, and lasers. The term aerology (from Ancient Greek, Greek ἀήρ, ''aēr'', "air"; and -λογία, ''-logy, -logia'' ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sonmiani Flight Test Range
The Flight Test Range (FTR) at Sonmiani Beach is a rocket launch site in Balochistan, approximately west of Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. The facility is operated by the Space Research Commission since 1961, initially focusing on supporting civilian space program involving the launch of sounding rockets but its present mission has now been moved towards military programs.Dinshaw, Mistry, Containing Missile Proliferation: Strategic Technology, Security Regimes, and International Cooperation in Arms Control (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003), p. 118 History Initially established at Sonmiani Rocket Range in 1961, the Sonmiani Flight Test Range is the only rocket launch facility operated by the Space & Upper Atmosphere Research Commission. It was the crucial contribution from the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) that established the facility in 1961 with Suparco launching the Rehbar-I program that consisted of a Nike-Cajun combination on ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Aeronomy
Aeronomy is the scientific study of the upper atmosphere of the Earth and corresponding regions of the atmospheres of other planets. It is a branch of both atmospheric chemistry and atmospheric physics. Scientists specializing in aeronomy, known as aeronomers, study the motions and chemical composition and properties of the Earth's upper atmosphere and regions of the atmospheres of other planets that correspond to it, as well as the interaction between upper atmospheres and the space environment. In atmospheric regions aeronomers study, chemical dissociation and ionization are important phenomena. History The mathematician Sydney Chapman introduced the term ''aeronomy'' to describe the study of the Earth's upper atmosphere in 1946 in a letter to the editor of ''Nature'' entitled "Some Thoughts on Nomenclature." The term became official in 1954 when the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics adopted it. "Aeronomy" later also began to refer to the study of the correspond ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
