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Chloroxynil
Chloroxynil is a postemergent benzonitrile herbicide, used to control broad leaved weeds on cereal crops. It was manufactured by Rhone-Poulenc and May & Baker, and is now considered obsolete, though its usage may continue. Chloroxynil was developed as a variant of bromoxynil, which is identical except for bromines replacing chloroxynil's chlorines. A 1972 study found chloroxynil less injurious to alfalfa and red clover, but also less potent at controlling broadleaf weeds. Chloroxynil's MoA inhibits electron transfer in the photosystem II receptor. Its HRAC group is Group C, (Australia) C3 (global) or 6 (numeric). Genetic engineering Chloroxynil can greatly improve the speed and efficiency of agrobacterium-mediated transformation of plants. Compared to the control, acetosyringone was 6 times faster, and chloroxynil was 60 times faster. Chloroxynil's related herbicides were also tested: bromoxynil was 18 times faster than control but caused plant damage, and ioxynil showed no s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bromoxynil
Bromoxynil is an organic compound with the formula HOBr2C6H2CN. It is classified as a nitrile herbicide, and as such sold under many trade names. It is a white solid. It works by inhibiting photosynthesis. It is moderately toxic to mammals. It is used in Australia, New Zealand, and the USA, which used 614,000 lbs of it in 1974. Production and use It is produced by bromination of 4-hydroxybenzonitrile. It is a post-emergence to control annual broadleaved weeds.Franz Müller and Arnold P. Applebyki "Weed Control, 2. Individual Herbicides" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2010 Degradation Bromoxynil decomposes with a half life of approximately two weeks in soil. Persistence increases in soils with elevated clay or organic matter content, suggesting the compound has somewhat limited bioavailability to microorganisms in these environments. Under aerobic conditions in soils or pure cultures, products of bromoxynil degradation often retain the original bromine gr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bromoxynil Octanoate
Bromoxynil octanoate is a herbicide active ingredient, closely related to bromoxynil, ioxynil, and ioxynil octanoate. Bromoxynil controls broad leafed weeds in many crops, and is used in the USA, Europe and Australia, on crops, roadsides and turf. Bromoxynil octanoate in the environment has a half-life of about 10 days, and breaks down into harmless compounds. It breaks down much quicker than bromoxynil, ioxynil or chloroxynil, which all last about a month in aerobic soil. Bromoxynil octanoate acts by inhibiting photosynthesis at photosystem II, destroying cells, making it a Group C, (Aus), Group C3, (Global), or Group 6 (numeric) under the HRAC system. Weeds show symptoms after four to seven days of chlorotic leaves and desiccation Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying. A desiccant is a hygroscopic (attracts and holds water) substance that induces or sustains such a state in its local vicinity in a moderately sealed container. Th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pimephales Promelas
Fathead minnow (''Pimephales promelas''), also known as fathead or tuffy, is a species of freshwater ray-finned fish belonging to the family Leuciscidae, the shiners, daces and minnows. The natural geographic range extends throughout much of North America, from central Canada south along the Rockies to Texas, and east to Virginia and the Northeastern United States.Page, Lawrence M. and Brooks M. Burr (1991), ''Freshwater Fishes'', p. 129–130, Houghton Mifflin, New York, NY. This minnow has also been introduced to many other areas via bait bucket releases. Its golden, or xanthic, strain, known as the rosy-red minnow, is a very common feeder fish sold in the United States and Canada. This fish is also known for producing Schreckstoff (a distress signal). Physical description The fathead minnow in its wild form is generally dull olive-grey in appearance, with a dusky stripe extending along the back and side, and a lighter belly. There is a dusky blotch midway on the dorsal fi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Barley
Barley (), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally. It was one of the first cultivated grains; it was domesticated in the Fertile Crescent around 9000 BC, giving it nonshattering spikelets and making it much easier to harvest. Its use then spread throughout Eurasia by 2000 BC. Barley prefers relatively low temperatures and well-drained soil to grow. It is relatively tolerant of drought and soil salinity, but is less winter-hardy than wheat or rye. In 2023, barley was fourth among grains in quantity produced, 146 million tonnes, behind maize, rice, and wheat. Globally, 70% of barley production is used as animal feed, while 30% is used as a source of fermentable material for beer, or further distilled into whisky, and as a component of various foods. It is used in soups and stews and in barley bread of various cultures. Barley grains are commonly made into malt using a traditional and ancient method of preparatio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lucerne
Lucerne ( ) or Luzern ()Other languages: ; ; ; . is a city in central Switzerland, in the Languages of Switzerland, German-speaking portion of the country. Lucerne is the capital of the canton of Lucerne and part of the Lucerne (district), district of the same name. With a population of approximately 82,000 people, Lucerne is List of cities in Switzerland, the most populous city in Central Switzerland, and a nexus of economics, transport, culture, and media in the region. The city's urban area consists of 19 municipalities and towns with an overall population of about 220,000 people. Owing to its location on the shores of Lake Lucerne () and its outflow, the river Reuss (river), Reuss, within sight of the mounts Pilatus (mountain), Pilatus and Rigi in the Swiss Alps, Lucerne has long been a destination for tourists. One of the city's landmarks is the Chapel Bridge (), a wooden bridge first erected in the 14th century. The official language of Lucerne is German language, Germ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sorghum
''Sorghum bicolor'', commonly called sorghum () and also known as great millet, broomcorn, guinea corn, durra, imphee, jowar, or milo, is a species in the Poaceae, grass genus ''Sorghum (genus), Sorghum'' cultivated for its grain. The grain is used as food by humans, while the plant is used for animal feed and ethanol production. Sorghum originated in Africa, and is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions. Sorghum is the world's fifth-most important cereal crop after rice, wheat, maize, and barley. Sorghum is typically an annual, but some cultivars are perennial. It grows in clumps that may reach over high. The grain is small, in diameter. Sweet sorghums are cultivars grown for forage, syrup production, and ethanol. They are taller than those grown for grain. Description Sorghum is a large stout grass that grows up to tall. It has large bushy flowerheads or panicles that provide an edible starchy grain with up to 3,000 seeds in each flowerhead. It grows ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pigweed
Pigweed can mean any of a number of weedy plants which may be used as pig fodder: * ''Amaranthus'' species ** ''Amaranthus albus'', white pigweed, tumble pigweed ** '' Amaranthus blitoides'', prostrate pigweed ** '' Amaranthus californicus'', California pigweed ** '' Amaranthus fimbriatus'', fringed pigweed ** '' Amaranthus hybridus'', smooth pigweed ** '' Amaranthus palmeri'', the 'pigweed' resistant to glyphosate in the US Southeast ** ''Amaranthus retroflexus'', redroot pigweed * ''Chenopodium album'' white goosefoot * ''Polygonum aviculare ''Polygonum aviculare'' or common knotgrass is a plant related to buckwheat and dock. It is also called prostrate knotweed, birdweed, pigweed and lowgrass. It is an annual found in fields and wasteland, with white flowers from June to October. I ...'' * '' Portulaca'' species See also * Hogweed {{Plant common name ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mayweed ''
{{Plant common name ...
Mayweed is a common name for two different species of flowering plants and also a name commonly used for several genera of the tribe Anthemideae whose species are currently in a flux of renaming: Species with the common name of mayweed: :'' Anthemis cotula'' :''Anthemis arvensis'' :'' Oncosiphon suffruticosus'' Genera commonly called mayweed: :''Matricaria'' :''Tripleurospermum ''Tripleurospermum'' is a genus in the Anthemideae, chamomile tribe within the Asteraceae, sunflower family. Mayweed is a common name for plants in this genus. Most of the species are from Europe and temperate Asia although a few are from North ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Shepherd's Purse
''Capsella bursa-pastoris'', known as shepherd's purse or lady's purse because of its triangular flat fruits, which are purse-like, is a small annual and ruderal flowering plant in the mustard family (Brassicaceae). Scientists have referred to this species as a protocarnivore, since it has been found that its seeds attract and kill nematodes as a means to locally enrich the soil. It is native to Eurasia but is naturalized and considered a common weed in many parts of the world, especially in colder climates. It has a number of culinary uses. Description ''Capsella bursa-pastoris'' plants grow from a rosette of lobed leaves at the base. From the base emerges a stem most often tall, but occasionally as much as or as little as , which bears a few pointed leaves which partly grasp the stem. The flowers, which appear in any month of the year in the British Isles, are white and small, in diameter, with four petals and six stamens. They are borne in loose racemes, and produc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Knotweed
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Knotweed is a common name for plants in several genera in the family Polygonaceae. Knotweed may refer to: * ''Fallopia'' * ''Persicaria'' * ''Polygonum'' * ''Reynoutria'' ** ''Reynoutria japonica'' or Japanese knotweed, a highly invasive species in Europe and North America See also *Knotgrass Knotgrass or knot grass is the common name for several plants and a moth and may refer to: *''Paspalum distichum ''Paspalum distichum'' is a species of Poaceae, grass. Common names include knotgrass, water finger-grass, couch paspalum, eternity ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Photochemical
Photochemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the chemical effects of light. Generally, this term is used to describe a chemical reaction caused by absorption of ultraviolet (wavelength from 100 to 400 nm), visible (400–750 nm), or infrared radiation (750–2500 nm). In nature, photochemistry is of immense importance as it is the basis of photosynthesis, vision, and the formation of vitamin D with sunlight. It is also responsible for the appearance of DNA mutations leading to skin cancers. Photochemical reactions proceed differently than temperature-driven reactions. Photochemical paths access high-energy intermediates that cannot be generated thermally, thereby overcoming large activation barriers in a short period of time, and allowing reactions otherwise inaccessible by thermal processes. Photochemistry can also be destructive, as illustrated by the photodegradation of plastics. Concept Grotthuss–Draper law and Stark–Einstein law Photoex ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
