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Chlamydiaceae
The Chlamydiaceae are a family of gram-negative bacteria that belongs to the phylum Chlamydiota, order Chlamydiales. Chlamydiaceae species express the family-specific lipopolysaccharide epitope αKdo-(2→8)-αKdo-(2→4)-αKdo (previously called the genus-specific epitope). Chlamydiaceae ribosomal RNA genes all have at least 90% DNA sequence identity. Chlamydiaceae species have varying inclusion morphology, varying extrachromosomal plasmid content, and varying sulfadiazine resistance. The family Chlamydiaceae currently includes one genus and one candidate genus: ''Chlamydia'' and ''candidatus Clavochlamydia''. ''Chlamydia'' Three species belong to ''Chlamydia'': ''C. trachomatis'', ''C. muridarum'', and ''C. suis''. ''C. trachomatis'' has been found only in humans, ''C. muridarum'' in hamsters and mice (family Muridae), and ''C. suis'' in swine. ''Chlamydia'' species produce a small amount of detectable glycogen and have two ribosomal operons. ''Chlamydia trachomati ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlamydiota
The Chlamydiota (synonym Chlamydiae) are a bacterial phylum and class whose members are remarkably diverse, including pathogens of humans and animals, symbionts of ubiquitous protozoa, and marine sediment forms not yet well understood. All of the Chlamydiota that humans have known about for many decades are obligate intracellular bacteria; in 2020 many additional Chlamydiota were discovered in ocean-floor environments, and it is not yet known whether they all have hosts. Historically it was believed that all Chlamydiota had a peptidoglycan-free cell wall, but studies in the 2010s demonstrated a detectable presence of peptidoglycan, as well as other important proteins. Among the Chlamydiota, all of the ones long known to science grow only by infecting eukaryotic host cells. They are as small as or smaller than many viruses. They are ovoid in shape and stain Gram-negative. They are dependent on replication inside the host cells; thus, some species are termed obligate intrac ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlamydophila
''Chlamydophila'' is a controversial bacterial genus belonging to the family Chlamydiaceae. Taxonomy All Chlamydiota are anaerobic bacteria with a biphasic developmental lifecycle that depends on obligately intracellular growth in eukaryotic host cells. ''Chlamydophila'' was recognized by a number of scientists in 1999, with six species in ''Chlamydophila'' and three in the original genus, ''Chlamydia''. This was immediately seen as controversial. In 2015 the ''Chlamydophila'' species were reclassified as ''Chlamydia''. The history of the classification and reclassification is as follows. Earlier criteria for differentiation of chlamydial species did not always work well. For example, at that time genus ''C. psittaci'' was distinguished from ''C. trachomatis'' by sulfadiazine resistance, although not all strains identified as ''C. psittaci'' at the time were resistant, and ''C. pneumoniae'' was classified by its appearance under electron microscopy (EM) and its ability to i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Bacteria Genera
This article lists the genera of the bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). However many taxonomic names are taken from the GTDB release 07-RS207 (8th April 2022). Phyla {, border="0" style="width: 100%;" ! , - , style="border:0px" valign="top", {, class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%; font-size: 95%;" !Syperphylum !Phylum !Authority !Synonyms , - , Parakaryota , , , Myojin parakaryote , - , , " Canglongiota" , Zhang et al. 2022 , , - , , " Fervidibacteria" , , OctSpa1-106 , - , , " Heilongiota" , Zhang et al. 2022 , , - , , " Qinglongiota" , Zhang et al. 2022 , , - , , " Salinosulfoleibacteria" , Tazi et al. 2006 , , - , , " Teskebacteria" , Dojka 1998 , WS1 , - , , " Tharpellota" , Speth et al. 2022 , , - , Terrabacteria , Chloroflexota , Whitman et al. 2018 , " Thermomicrobiota" , - , Terrabacteria , " Dormibacter ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlamydiales
The bacterial order Chlamydiales includes only obligately intracellular bacteria that have a chlamydia-like developmental cycle of replication and at least 80% 16S rRNA or 23S rRNA gene sequence identity with other members of Chlamydiales. Chlamydiales live in animals, insects, and protozoa. Currently, the order Chlamydiales includes the families Chlamydiaceae, Simkaniaceae, and Waddliaceae, which have Gram-negative extracellular infectious bodies (EBs), and Parachlamydiaceae, which has variable Gram staining of EBs. The family Rhabdochlamydiaceae has been proposed. Phylogeny Taxonomy The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) * Family " Actinochlamydiaceae" Steigen et al. 2013 ** ?"''Ca.'' Actinochlamydia" Steigen et al. 2013 * Family " Clavichlamydiaceae" Horn 2011 ** "''Ca.'' Clavichlamydia" corrig. Karlsen et al. 2008 * Family " Criblamydiace ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlamydia (genus)
''Chlamydia'' is a genus of pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites. ''Chlamydia'' infections are the most common bacterial sexually transmitted diseases in humans and are the leading cause of infectious blindness worldwide. Species include ''Chlamydia trachomatis'' (a human pathogen), '' Ch. suis'' (affects only swine), and '' Ch. muridarum'' (affects only mice and hamsters). Humans mainly contract '' Ch. trachomatis'', '' Ch. pneumoniae'', ''Ch. abortus'', and '' Ch. psittaci''. Classification Because of ''Chlamydia''s unique developmental cycle, it was taxonomically classified in a separate order. ''Chlamydia'' is part of the order Chlamydiales, family Chlamydiaceae. In the early 1990s six species of ''Chlamydia'' were known. A major re-description of the Chlamydiales order in 1999, using the then new techniques of DNA analysis, split three of the species from the genus ''Chlamydia'' and reclassified them in the then newly created genus ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlamydia Pecorum
''Chlamydia pecorum'', also known as Chlamydophila pecorum is a species of Chlamydiaceae that originated from ruminants, such as cattle, sheep and goats. It has also infected koalas and swine. ''C. pecorum'' strains are serologically and pathogenically diverse. In the koalas, ''C. pecorum'' causes infections in the reproductive systems and urinary tract, as well as pneumonia, infertility, and death. It is considered one of the most important infectious diseases that currently plagues koalas. C.pecorum is the most common chlamydial species to infect koalas and is the most pathogenic. In other animals, ''C. pecorum'' has been associated with abortion, conjunctivitis, encephalomyelitis, enteritis, arthritis, and polyarthritis. See also * List of bacterial orders * List of bacteria genera This article lists the genera of the bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnolog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlamydophila Pneumoniae
''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' is a species of ''Chlamydia'', an obligate intracellular bacterium that infects humans and is a major cause of pneumonia. It was known as the Taiwan acute respiratory agent (TWAR) from the names of the two original isolates – Taiwan (TW-183) and an acute respiratory isolate designated AR-39. Briefly, it was known as ''Chlamydophila pneumoniae,'' and that name is used as an alternate in some sources. In some cases, to avoid confusion, both names are given. ''Chlamydia pneumoniae'' has a complex life cycle and must infect another cell to reproduce; thus, it is classified as an obligate intracellular pathogen. The full genome sequence for ''C. pneumoniae'' was published in 1999. It also infects and causes disease in koalas, emerald tree boas (''Corallus caninus''), iguanas, chameleons, frogs, and turtles. The first known case of infection with ''C. pneumoniae'' was a case of conjunctivitis in Taiwan in 1950. There are no known cases of ''C. pneumon ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlamydia Muridarum
''Chlamydia muridarum'' is an intracellular bacterial species that at one time belonged to '' Chlamydia trachomatis''. However, ''C. trachomatis'' naturally only infects humans and ''C. muridarum'' naturally infects only members of the family Muridae (includes both mice and hamsters, Alderton, 1996). Two strains of ''Chlamydia muridarum'', MoPn (originally named Nigg) and SFPD, have been isolated from mice and hamsters. Glycogen production by both strains has been demonstrated. The chromosome and extrachromosomal plasmid of MoPn have been sequenced. ''Chlamydia muridarum'' MoPn binds mAbs recognizing ''Chlamydia trachomatis'' MOMP vs4 core epitope (T) LNPT (IA). DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ... analysis indicates that these mAbs should recognize SFP ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chlamydia Suis
''Chlamydia suis'' is a member of the genus '' Chlamydia''. ''C. suis'' has only been isolated from swine, in which it may be endemic. Glycogen has been detected in ''Chlamydia suis'' inclusions in infected swine tissues and in cell culture. ''C. suis'' is associated with conjunctivitis, enteritis and pneumonia in swine. Some strains have enhanced resistance to sulfadiazine and tetracycline. Several strains of ''C. suis'' are known to have an extrachromosomal plasmid A plasmid is a small, extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently. They are most commonly found as small circular, double-stranded DNA molecules in bacteria; how ..., pCS. ''C. suis'' strains are somewhat more diverse than are other chlamydial species. The deduced ompA gene products of various ''Chlamydia suis'' strains contain vs4 epitopes TLNPTIAG(A.K.T)G(D.K.N.T), TWNPTIAGAGS or TLNPTISGKGQ. These epitopes are identica ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lipopolysaccharide
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are large molecules consisting of a lipid and a polysaccharide that are bacterial toxins. They are composed of an O-antigen, an outer core, and an inner core all joined by a covalent bond, and are found in the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Today, the term ''endotoxin'' is often used synonymously with LPS, although there are a few endotoxins (in the original sense of toxins that are inside the bacterial cell that are released when the cell disintegrates) that are not related to LPS, such as the so-called delta endotoxin proteins produced by '' Bacillus thuringiensis''. Lipopolysaccharides can have substantial impacts on human health, primarily through interactions with the immune system. LPS is a potent activator of the immune system and pyrogen (agent that causes fever). In severe cases, LPS can play a role in causing septic shock. In lower levels and over a longer time period, there is evidence LPS may play an important and harmful ro ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Trachoma
Trachoma is an infectious disease caused by bacterium '' Chlamydia trachomatis''. The infection causes a roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids. This roughening can lead to pain in the eyes, breakdown of the outer surface or cornea of the eyes, and eventual blindness. Untreated, repeated trachoma infections can result in a form of permanent blindness when the eyelids turn inward. The bacteria that cause the disease can be spread by both direct and indirect contact with an affected person's eyes or nose. Indirect contact includes through clothing or flies that have come into contact with an affected person's eyes or nose. Children spread the disease more often than adults. Poor sanitation, crowded living conditions, and not enough clean water and toilets also increase spread. Efforts to prevent the disease include improving access to clean water and treatment with antibiotics to decrease the number of people infected with the bacterium. This may include treating, al ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Bacterial Orders
This article lists the orders of the Bacteria. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and the phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 132 by The All-Species Living Tree Project. Phylogeny National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) taxonomy was initially used to decorate the genome tree via tax2tree. The 16S rRNA-based Greengenes taxonomy is used to supplement the taxonomy particularly in regions of the tree with no cultured representatives. List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) is used as the primary taxonomic authority for establishing naming priorities. Taxonomic ranks are normalised using phylorank and the taxonomy manually curated to remove polyphyletic groups. Cladogram was taken from GTDB release 07-RS207 (8th April 2022). Clade Terrabacteria Phylum Chloroflexota * Class ?"Bathosphaeria" Mehrshad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
