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Chinezenmoord Van Stolk (2)
The 1740 Batavia massacre (; ) was a massacre and pogrom of Chinese Indonesians, ethnic Chinese residents of the port city of Batavia, Dutch East Indies, (present-day Jakarta) in the Dutch East Indies. It was carried out by European soldiers of the Dutch East India Company and allied members of other Batavian ethnic groups. The violence in the city lasted from 9 October 1740, until 22 October, with minor skirmishes outside the walls continuing late into November that year. Historians have estimated that at least 10,000 ethnic Chinese were massacred; just 600 to 3,000 are believed to have survived. In September 1740, as unrest rose among the Chinese population, spurred by government repression and declining sugar prices, List of governors of the Dutch East Indies, Governor-General Adriaan Valckenier declared that any uprising would be met with deadly force. On 7 October, hundreds of ethnic Chinese, many of them sugarcane mill, sugar mill workers, killed 50 Dutch soldiers, l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
History Of Jakarta
Jakarta is Indonesia's capital and largest city. Located on an estuary of the Ciliwung River, on the northwestern part of Java, the area has long sustained human settlement. Historical evidence from Jakarta dates back to the 4th century CE, when it was a Hindu settlement and port. The city has been sequentially claimed by the Indianized kingdom of Tarumanagara, the Hindu Sunda Kingdom, the Muslim Banten Sultanate, and by Dutch, Japanese, and Indonesian administrations. The Dutch East Indies built up the area, before it was taken during World War II by the Empire of Japan and finally became independent as part of Indonesia. Jakarta has been known by several names. It was called Sunda Kelapa during the Sunda Kingdom period and Jayakarta, Djajakarta, or Jacatra during the short period of the Banten Sultanate. Thereafter, Jakarta evolved in three stages. The "Old Batavia, old city," close to the sea in the north, developed between 1619 and 1799 during the era of the Dutch East India ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Java War (1741–1743)
The Java War of 1741 to 1743 was an armed struggle by a joint Chinese and Javanese army against the Dutch East India Company and pro-Dutch Javanese that took place in central and eastern Java. Ending in victory for the Dutch, the war led to the fall of the Sultanate of Mataram and, indirectly, the founding of both the Sunanate of Surakarta and the Sultanate of Yogyakarta. Following years of growing anti-Chinese sentiment, Dutch forces massacred 10,000 ethnic Chinese in Batavia (now Jakarta) in October 1740. A group of survivors led by Khe Pandjang fled east for Semarang. Despite being warned of the impending uprising, the head of the Dutch East India Company's military, Bartholomeus Visscher, ignored his advisers and did not prepare reinforcements. As the situation developed, the court of , Sunan of Mataram, decided to tentatively support the Chinese while seemingly helping the Dutch. After the first casualties on 1 February 1741 in Pati, Chinese insurgents spread t ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arrack
Arrack is a Distillation, distilled alcoholic drink typically produced in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia, made from the Fermentation (food), fermented sap of coconut flowers or sugarcane, and also with grain (e.g. red rice) or fruit depending upon the country of origin. It is sometimes spelled arak, or simply referred to as 'rack or 'rak. It is not to be confused with the anise-flavored Liquor, distilled spirit called Arak (drink), arak or araq. In many parts of India arrack is colloquially known as "desi daru". There are two primary styles of arrack that are very different from one another: ''Batavia arrack'' is often clear in color but has a flavor profile more similar to dark rum, with a distinctive "funk" or "hogo" imparted to it from fermented red rice. Sri Lankan (Ceylon) arrack, by contrast, is a more refined and subtle spirit. It has hints of cognac and rum character and a wealth of delicate floral notes. Both styles are also made "in house" by local citizenry and can be mo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Farm (revenue Leasing)
Farming or tax-farming is a technique of financial management in which the management of a variable revenue stream is assigned by legal contract to a third party and the holder of the revenue stream receives fixed periodic rents from the contractor. It is most commonly used in public finance, where governments (the lessors) lease or assign the right to collect and retain the whole of the tax revenue to a private financier (the farmer), who is charged with paying fixed sums (sometimes called "rents", but with a different meaning from the common modern term) into the treasury. Farming in this sense has nothing to do with agriculture, other than in a metaphorical sense. Etymology There are two possible origins for ''farm''. Derivation from classical Latin Some sources derive "farm" with its French version ''ferme'', most notably used in the context of the Fermiers Generaux, from the mediaeval Latin ''firma'', meaning "a fixed agreement, contract", ultimately from the class ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Betawi People
Betawi people, Batavi, or Batavians (''Orang Betawi'' in Indonesian, meaning "people of Batavia"), are an Austronesian ethnic group native to the city of Jakarta and its immediate outskirts, as such often described as the inhabitants of the city. They are the descendants of the people who inhabited Batavia (the Dutch colonial name of Jakarta) from the 17th century onwards. The term Betawi people emerged in the 18th century as an amalgamation of various ethnic groups into Batavia. Origin and history The Betawis are the most recently formed ethnic groups in Indonesia. They are a creole ethnic group in that their ancestors came from various parts of Indonesia and abroad. Before the 19th century, the self-identity of the Betawi people was not yet formed. The name ''Betawi'' is adopted from the native rendering of the term " Batavia" city which was originally named after the Batavi, an ancient Germanic tribe. In the 17th century, after the original population had been expelle ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Kapitan Cina
Kapitan Cina, also spelled Kapitan China or Capitan China or Capitan Chino (; ; ; ), was a high-ranking government position in the civil administration of colonial Indonesia, Malaya, Singapore, Borneo and the Philippines. Office holders exercised varying degrees of power and influence: from near-sovereign political and legal jurisdiction over local Chinese communities, to ceremonial precedence for community leaders. Corresponding posts existed for other ethnic groups, such as Kapitan Arab and Kapitan Keling for the local Arab and Indian communities respectively. Pre-colonial origin The origin of the office, under various different native titles, goes back to court positions in the precolonial states of Southeast Asia, such as the Sultanates of Malacca in the Malay Peninsula, the Sultanate of Banten in Java, and the Kingdom of Siam in mainland Southeast Asia. Ooi, Keat Gin. ''Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, From Angkor Wat to East Timor''p. 711/ref> Many rule ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Stamford Raffles
Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles (5 July 1781 – 5 July 1826) was a British Colonial Office, colonial official who served as the List of governors of the Dutch East Indies, governor of the Dutch East Indies between 1811 and 1816 and lieutenant-governor of Bencoolen between 1818 and 1824. Raffles was involved in Invasion of Java (1811), the capture of the Dutch East Indies, Indonesian island of Java from the French and British interregnum in the Dutch East Indies#French interregnum 1806–1811, Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars. It was returned under the Anglo–Dutch Treaty of 1824. He also wrote ''The History of Java (1817 book), The History of Java'' in 1817, describing the history of the island from ancient times. The ''Rafflesia'' flowers were named after him. Raffles also played a role in further establishing the British Empire's reach in East Asia, East and Southeast Asia. He secured control over the strategically located Singapore from local rulers in 1819 to secure ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dutch Ceylon
Dutch Ceylon (; ) was a governorate established in present-day Sri Lanka by the Dutch East India Company. Although the Dutch managed to capture most of the coastal areas in Sri Lanka, they were never able to control the Kingdom of Kandy located in the interior of the island. Dutch Ceylon existed from 1640 until 1796. In the early 17th century, Sri Lanka was partly ruled by the Portuguese and partly by Sri Lankan ( primarily of Sinhalese origin) kingdoms, who were constantly battling the Portuguese. Although the Portuguese were not winning the war, their rule was oppressive to the people of those areas controlled by them. While the Portuguese were engaged in a long war of independence from Spanish rule, the Sinhalese king (the king of Kandy) invited the Dutch to help defeat the Portuguese. The Dutch interest in Ceylon was to have a united battle front against the Iberians at that time. History Background The Portuguese The Dutch were invited by the Sinhalese to help fig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Benny G
Benny or Bennie is a given name or a shortened version of the given name Benjamin or, less commonly, Benedict, Bennett, Benito, Benson, Bernice, Ebenezer, Benansio/Benancio or Bernard. People Bennie Given name * Bennie M. Bunn (1907–1943), American Marine officer, Navy Cross recipient * Bennie Cunningham (1954–2018), American retired National Football League player * Bennie Daniels (born 1932), American former Major League Baseball pitcher * Bennie L. Davis (1928–2012), United States Air Force general and commander-in-chief of Strategic Air Command * Bennie Ellender (1925–2011), American college football player and head coach * Bennie Goods (born 1968), American retired Canadian Football League player *Bennie Green (1923–1977), American jazz trombonist and bandleader * Bennie Logan (born 1989), American National Football League player *Bennie Maupin (born 1940), American jazz musician * Bennie Muller (born 1938), Dutch former footballer * Bennie Purcell (1929–20 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dirck Van Cloon
Dirck van Cloon (also Dirk and Theodoor van Cloon; 1684 – 10 March 1735) was Eurasian Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies. He died of malaria at the age of 50. He was born in Batavia sometime in 1684. For his education and training he was sent to the Netherlands. He graduated in Law at Leiden University on 1 April 1707. He returned to Batavia on the clipper ''Donkervliet'' and spent some time in Dutch Coromandel. He was among other things a district overseer in Sadraspatnam. He got into a fight with the governor of Coromandel, Adriaan de Visser, who accused Van Cloon of delivering bad quality goods. The government in Batavia sent Van Cloon back to the Netherlands, but he persuaded the Directors of the Dutch East India Company that de Visser was not to be trusted. Van Cloon was reinstated and he left for the Indies on 4 November 1719 on board the ''van de Huis te Assenburg'' as supercargo. In 1720, he became district chief at Negapatnam. In 1723, he became Governo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Malaria
Malaria is a Mosquito-borne disease, mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates and ''Anopheles'' mosquitoes. Human malaria causes Signs and symptoms, symptoms that typically include fever, Fatigue (medical), fatigue, vomiting, and headaches. In severe cases, it can cause jaundice, Epileptic seizure, seizures, coma, or death. Symptoms usually begin 10 to 15 days after being bitten by an infected ''Anopheles'' mosquito. If not properly treated, people may have recurrences of the disease months later. In those who have recently survived an infection, reinfection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial Immunity (medical), resistance disappears over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria. The mosquitoes themselves are harmed by malaria, causing reduced lifespans in those infected by it. Malaria is caused by protozoa, single-celled microorganisms of the genus ''Plasmodium''. It is spread exclusively through bites of infected female ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Adriaan Valckenier (1695-1751) By T
Adriaan Valckenier (6 June 1695 – 20 June 1751) served as Governor-general, Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1737 to 1741. He is primarily known for his role in the 1740 Batavia massacre. Valckenier was arrested for his involvement in 1742 and subsequently died in prison in Batavia (present-day Jakarta) almost a decade later. Biography Valckenier's father held positions as an alderman and secretary in Amsterdam and was associated with the Dutch East India Company in Amsterdam. His paternal grandfather, Gillis Valckenier, was a prominent figure among the regents of Amsterdam during the later Dutch Golden Age. On 22 October 1714, Adriaan departed aboard the Linschoten to serve as an assistant buyer (onderkoopman) in the Dutch East Indies. He arrived in Batavia on 21 June 1715. In 1726, he assumed the roles of a merchant and chief buyer (opperkoopman), and in 1727, he served as "Accountant General" (boekhouder-generaal) of the Dutch Indies. By 1730, he had been app ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
