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Chinese Democracy Movements
Democracy movements in the People's Republic of China are a series of organized political movements, inside and outside of the country, addressing a variety of grievances, including objections to socialist bureaucratism and objections to the continuation of the one-party rule of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) itself. The Democracy Wall movement of November 1978 to spring 1981 is typically regarded as the beginning of contemporary Chinese democracy movement. In addition to the Democracy Wall movement, the events of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre are among the notable examples of Chinese democracy movements. History Origin The beginning of China's democracy movements is usually regarded as the Democracy Wall movement of November 1978 to spring 1981. The Democracy Wall movement framed the key issue as the elimination of bureaucratism and the bureaucratic class. Former Red Guards from both rebel and conservative factions were the core of the movement. Dem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Politics In China
In the People's Republic of China, politics functions within a socialist state framework based on the system of people's congress under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), with the National People's Congress (NPC) functioning as the highest organ of state power and only branch of government per the principle of unified power. The CCP leads state activities by holding two-thirds of the seats in the NPC, and these party members are, in accordance with democratic centralism, responsible for implementing the policies adopted by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, CCP Central Committee and the National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party, National Congress. The NPC has unlimited state power bar the limitations it sets on itself. By controlling the NPC, the CCP has complete state power. China's two Special administrative regions of China, special administrative regions (SARs), Hong Kong and Macau, are nominally autonomous from this system. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Paris Commune
The Paris Commune (, ) was a French revolutionary government that seized power in Paris on 18 March 1871 and controlled parts of the city until 28 May 1871. During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, the French National Guard (France), National Guard had defended Paris, and working-class radicalism grew among its soldiers. Following the establishment of the French Third Republic in September 1870 (under French chief-executive Adolphe Thiers from February 1871) and the complete defeat of the French Army by the Germans by March 1871, soldiers of the National Guard seized control of the city on 18 March. The Communards killed two French Army generals and refused to accept the authority of the Third Republic; instead, the radicals set about establishing their own independent government. The Commune governed Paris for two months, promoting policies that tended toward a Progressivism, progressive, anti-clericalism , anti-religious system, which was an eclectic mix of many 19th-cent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neoconservatism In The People's Republic Of China
Conservatism in China ( zh, t=保守主義, s=保守主义, p=bǎoshǒu zhǔyì) emphasizes authority and meritocracy stemming from Confucian values, and economically, it aims for state capitalism rather than free markets. Many Chinese conservatives reject individualism or classical liberal principles and differ from modern Western conservatism because of the ideology's strong communitarian element. A major concern of modern Chinese conservatism is the preservation of traditional Chinese culture. History Imperial China Chinese conservatism can be traced back to Confucius, whose philosophy is based on the values of loyalty, duty, and respect. He believed in a hierarchically organized society, modeled after the patriarchal family and headed by an absolute sovereign. However, Confucius also believed that the state should employ a meritocratic class of administrators and advisers, recruited by civil service exams. An alternative school of thought called Legalism argued that ad ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ideology
An ideology is a set of beliefs or values attributed to a person or group of persons, especially those held for reasons that are not purely about belief in certain knowledge, in which "practical elements are as prominent as theoretical ones". Formerly applied primarily to Economy, economic, Political philosophy, political, or Religion, religious theories and policies, in a tradition going back to Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, more recent use treats the term as mainly condemnatory. The term was coined by Antoine Destutt de Tracy, a French Enlightenment aristocrat and philosopher, who conceived it in 1796 as the "science of ideas" to develop a rational system of ideas to oppose the irrational impulses of the mob. In political science, the term is used in a Linguistic description, descriptive sense to refer to List of political ideologies, political belief systems. Etymology The term ''ideology'' originates from French language, French , itself coined from combining (; close to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Corruption
Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense that is undertaken by a person or an organization that is entrusted in a position of authority to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's gain. Corruption may involve activities like bribery, influence peddling, and embezzlement, as well as practices that are legal in many countries, such as lobbying. Political corruption occurs when an office-holder or other governmental employee acts in an official capacity for personal gain. Historically, "corruption" had a broader meaning concerned with an activity's impact on morals and societal well-being: for example, the ancient Greek philosopher Socrates was condemned to death in part for "corrupting the young". Contemporary corruption is perceived as most common in kleptocracies, oligarchies, narco-states, Authoritarianism, authoritarian states, and mafia states, however, more recent research and policy statements acknowledge that it also exists in wealthy capitalist e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Asian Survey
''Asian Survey: A Bimonthly Review of Contemporary Asian Affairs'' is a bimonthly academic journal of Asian studies published by the University of California Press on behalf of the Institute of East Asian Studies at the University of California, Berkeley. The journal was established in 1932 as ''Memorandum (Institute of Pacific Relations, American Council)'', but was renamed ''Far Eastern Survey'' in 1935. It acquired its current name in 1961. The journal uses double-blind peer review. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', it has a 2023 impact factor of 1.3. The editor-in-chief is Uk Heo ( University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee). Abstracting and indexing The journal is abstracted and indexed in: * GEOBASE * Scopus * MLA - Modern Language Association Database * Worldwide Political Science Abstracts * Historical Abstracts EBSCO Information Services, headquartered in Ipswich, Massachusetts, is a division of EBSCO Industries Inc., a private company headquartered in Birmi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1986 Chinese Student Demonstrations
Student demonstrations took place in a number of Chinese cities from December 1986 until mid-January 1987. The demonstrations started in the city of Hefei before spreading to other cities such as Shanghai and Nanjing. The movement was heavily influenced by the Chinese intellectuals Fang Lizhi and Wang Ruowang, who were critical of the Chinese government's lack of political reforms. The demonstrations quickly dissipated by mid-January before achieving any of its stated goals. The lack of response from Hu Yaobang, who was the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) at the time, would result in his removal from power on January 15, 1987, and his replacement by Zhao Ziyang. Background The 1986 student demonstrations took place in the context of economic difficulties caused by an inflation rate of 16% which led to large increases in living costs. There was also a view that there was corruption within the government which made it difficult for people without con ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chinese Alliance For Democracy
The Chinese Alliance for Democracy (中国民主联盟, Zhōngguó Mínzhǔ Liánméng) is a non-governmental organization founded in New York by Chinese dissidents led by Wang Bingzhang in 1983. The C.A.D became a key part of the 1989 pro-democracy protests in China and advocated for political liberalization, human rights, and democratic reforms. History The CAD was formed in New York City in December 1983 by Chinese dissidents, with Wang Bingzhang as their leader. Wang was sent study abroad in McGill University in October 1979 to pursue a medical PhD. In 1982, Wang established ''China Spring'', the first pro-democracy Chinese magazine overseas, becoming one of its first leaders alongside Hu Ping. The magazine's popularity grew significantly, eventually leading to the founding of the CAD in 1983. 53 delegates from Europe, Australia, Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan and China travelled to New York to commemorate the founding of CAD. The early membership of CAD consisted of Chine ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Modern China Studies
''Modern China Studies'' (traditional Chinese: 當代中國研究; simplified Chinese: 当代中国研究), abbreviated as MCS, also translated into English as ''Contemporary China Studies'', is a United States-based peer-reviewed international journal focusing on discussing contemporary issues and current affairs in the People's Republic of China, published biannually featuring articles in either Chinese or English. It is owned and published by the Center on Contemporary China (当代中国研究中心) at Princeton University. ''Modern China Studies'' was founded by Shaomin Li (李少民) in 1990 in Princeton University, its content mainly covers the fields of politics, economy, law, society, culture, international relations, environmental protection, modern history and humanities. Submissions to the journal will undergo a double-blind In a blind or blinded experiment, information which may influence the participants of the experiment is withheld until after the experiment i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
University Of Hawaiʻi Press
The University of Hawaiʻi Press is a university press that is part of the University of Hawaiʻi. The University of Hawaiʻi Press was founded in 1947, publishing research in all disciplines of the humanities and natural and social sciences in the regions of Asia and the Pacific. In addition to scholarly monographs, the press publishes educational materials and reference works such as dictionaries, language texts, classroom readers, atlases, and encyclopedias. The press is currently a member of the Association of University Presses. History The press was established in 1947 at the initiative of University of Hawaiʻi president Gregg M. Sinclair. Its first publications included a reprint of '' The Hawaiian Kingdom'' by Ralph Kuykendall and ''Insects of Hawaii,'' by Elwood C. Zimmerman, both of which have become classics. Other enduring classics from its early years include the ''Hawaiian-English Dictionary,'' by Mary Kawena Pukui and Samuel Elbert, first published in 1957, ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
New Enlightenment (China)
New Enlightenment ( zh, first=s, s=新启蒙, t=新啟蒙), or the New Enlightenment movement ( zh, first=s, s=新启蒙运动, t=新啟蒙運動), was a massive social and cultural movement in mainland China that originated in the late 1970s and lasted for over a decade. Growing out of the 1978 Truth Criterion Discussion during the ''Boluan Fanzheng'' period, the New Enlightenment is widely regarded as a new wave of enlightenment within Chinese society since the May Fourth Movement in 1919. The decade of the 1980s has thus been called the Age of New Enlightenment in China. The theme of the New Enlightenment movement included promoting democracy and science, embracing humanism and universal values such as freedom, human rights and rule of law, while opposing the ideology of Cultural Revolution and feudalism. The movement gave rise to a number of new literature genres such as the ''scar literature'' and the ''misty poetry'', meanwhile aesthetics also became a popular topic in soc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prison
A prison, also known as a jail, gaol, penitentiary, detention center, correction center, correctional facility, or remand center, is a facility where Prisoner, people are Imprisonment, imprisoned under the authority of the State (polity), state, usually as punishment for various crimes. They may also be used to house those awaiting trial (pre-trial detention). Prisons are most commonly used within a criminal justice, criminal-justice system by authorities: people charged with crimes may be Remand (detention), imprisoned until their trial; and those who have pleaded or been found Guilt (law), guilty of crimes at trial may be Sentence (law), sentenced to a specified period of imprisonment. Prisons can also be used as a tool for political repression by authoritarianism, authoritarian regimes who Political prisoner, detain perceived opponents for political crimes, often without a fair trial or due process; this use is illegal under most forms of international law governing fair admi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
