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Chemical Crystallography Before X-rays
Chemical crystallography before X-rays describes how chemical crystallography developed as a science up to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen in 1895. In the period before X-rays, crystallography can be divided into three broad areas: geometric crystallography culminating in the discovery of the 230 space groups in 1891–4, Physical crystallography before X-rays, physical crystallography and chemical crystallography. Up until 1800 neither crystallography nor chemistry were established sciences in the modern sense; as the 19th century progressed both sciences developed in parallel. In the 18th century chemistry was in a transitional period as it moved from the mystical and philosophical approach of the alchemists, to the experimental and logical approach of the scientific chemists such as Antoine Lavoisier, Humphry Davy and John Dalton. Before X-rays, chemical crystallographic research involved observation using a goniometer, a microscope, and reference to Crystall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Crystallography
Crystallography is the branch of science devoted to the study of molecular and crystalline structure and properties. The word ''crystallography'' is derived from the Ancient Greek word (; "clear ice, rock-crystal"), and (; "to write"). In July 2012, the United Nations recognised the importance of the science of crystallography by proclaiming 2014 the International Year of Crystallography.UN announcement "International Year of Crystallography" iycr2014.org. 12 July 2012 Crystallography is a broad topic, and many of its subareas, such as X-ray crystallography, are themselves important scientific topics. Crystallography ranges from the fundamentals of crystal structure to the mathematics of Crystal system, crystal geometry, including those that are Aperiodic crystal, not periodic or quasi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mineralogy
Mineralogy is a subject of geology specializing in the scientific study of the chemistry, crystal structure, and physical (including optical mineralogy, optical) properties of minerals and mineralized artifact (archaeology), artifacts. Specific studies within mineralogy include the processes of mineral origin and formation, classification of minerals, their geographical distribution, as well as their utilization. History Early writing on mineralogy, especially on gemstones, comes from ancient Babylonia, the ancient Greco-Roman world, ancient and medieval History of China, China, and Sanskrit texts from History of India, ancient India and the ancient Islamic world. Books on the subject included the ''Naturalis Historia, Natural History'' of Pliny the Elder, which not only described many different minerals but also explained many of their properties, and Kitab al Jawahir (Book of Precious Stones) by Persian scientist Al-Biruni. The German Renaissance specialist Georgius Agricola ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Johann F
Johann, typically a male given name, is the German form of ''Iohannes'', which is the Latin form of the Greek name ''Iōánnēs'' (), itself derived from Hebrew name '' Yochanan'' () in turn from its extended form (), meaning "Yahweh is Gracious" or "Yahweh is Merciful". Its English language equivalent is John. It is uncommon as a surname. People People with the name Johann include: Mononym * Johann, Count of Cleves (died 1368), nobleman of the Holy Roman Empire * Johann, Count of Leiningen-Dagsburg-Falkenburg (1662–1698), German nobleman *Johann, Prince of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1578–1638), German nobleman A–K * Johann Adam Hiller (1728–1804), German composer * Johann Adam Reincken (1643–1722), Dutch/German organist * Johann Adam Remele (died 1740), German court painter * Johann Adolf I, Duke of Saxe-Weissenfels (1649–1697) * Johann Adolph Hasse (1699-1783), German Composer * Johann Altfuldisch (1911—1947), German Nazi SS concentration camp officer executed f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Moritz Ludwig Frankenheim
Moritz Ludwig Frankenheim (29 June 1801 – 14 January 1869) was a German physicist, geographer, and crystallographer. Life and education Moritz Ludwig Frankenheim was born in 1801 in Brunswick. His family was Jewish. Ismar Schorsch, '' Leopold Zunz: Creativity in Adversity'', University of Pennsylvania Press (2016), p. 26 He attended the ''Gymnasium'' (high school) there and in Wolfenbüttel. Afterwards he went to Berlin to attend the ''Alma Mater Berolinensis'' (today Humboldt University of Berlin) to study physics. In 1823 he completed a dissertation titled ''Dissertatio de Theoria Gasorum et Vaporum Meditationes'' ("Contemplations on the scientific theory of gases and vapors"). Inspired by the research of his teacher Christian Samuel Weiss (1780-1856), he became interested in crystallography. In 1827 he moved to the University of Breslau, where he was assistant professor of physics, geography, and mathematics from 1827 to 1850. In 1850 he was promoted to the positi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ludwig August Seeber
Ludwig August Seeber (14 November 1793 in Karlsruhe – 9 December 1855 in Karlsruhe) was a German mathematician and physicist. Life and work Only little is known of Seeber's origin and education. In 1810, he studied astronomy at the University of Göttingen with Carl Friedrich Gauss, a companion of this time was Christian Ludwig Gerling. pp. 36–37, 43 From 1819 to 1822 he was teacher at the cadet school at Karlsruhe. He got his doctor degree in 1824 from the University of Freiburg, where he was professor ordinarius for physics until 1834 and three times Dean of the Philosophical Faculty in 1814, 1829, and 1834. From 1834 to 1840, he was professor of physics both at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Polytechnicum and the Lyceum in Karlsruhe. Seeber applied twice in 1830 and 1838 for a professorship in Göttingen, but without success. In 1840, he took early retirement. Seeber is known for his mathematical studies with special regard to crystallography. He tried to find expla ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Friedrich Mohs
Carl Friedrich Christian Mohs ( , ; 29 January 1773 – 29 September 1839) was a German chemist and mineralogist. He was the creator of the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Mohs also introduced a classification of the crystal forms in crystal systems independently of Christian Samuel Weiss. Early life and education Mohs was born on 29 January 1773, in Gernrode, in the Harz mountains, Anhalt-Bernburg (present-day Saxony-Anhalt, Germany). He showed an interest in science at an early age and received private education before entering the University of Halle. There, Mohs studied chemistry, mathematics and physics. In 1798, he joined the Mining Academy in Freiberg, Saxony, being a student of Abraham Gottlob Werner. Career After acquiring the job of a foreman at a mine in 1801, Mohs relocated in 1802 to Austria, where he was employed in trying to identify the minerals in a private collection of the banker J. F. van der Nüll. Mohs described this collection, and a catalogue ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gabriel Delafosse
Gabriel Delafosse (16 April 1796 – 13 October 1878) was a French mineralogy, mineralogist who worked at the National Museum of Natural History, France, Natural History Museum in Paris and for sometime at the University of Paris. He contributed to development of the idea of unit cells in crystallography. The mineral Delafossite is named after him. He was one of the founding members of the Société géologique de France, Société Geologique de France. Biography Delafosse was born in Saint-Quentin, the son of a magistrate. He was educated locally and at Rheims before joining the École Normal Supérieure and then went to work at the Museum of Natural History from 1816 under René Just Haüy. After Haüy's death he published posthumously some notes on crystallography and mineralogy in volumes of ''Traité de minéralogie'' (1822-1823). He defended his thesis in crystallography on hemihedry (hemihedral shape of a crystal) in 1840. He was an assistant was the chair of mineralogy at ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian Samuel Weiss
Christian Samuel Weiss (26 February 1780 – 1 October 1856) was a German mineralogist born in Leipzig. Following graduation, he worked as a physics instructor in Leipzig from 1803 until 1808. and in the meantime, conducted geological studies of mountain formations in Tyrol, Switzerland and France (1806–08).Christian Samuel Weiss — Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin biographical information In 1810 he became a professor of at the , where in 1818/19 and 1832/33, he served as university [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Curie's Principle
Curie's principle, or Curie's symmetry principle, is a maxim about cause and effect formulated by Pierre Curie in 1894: The idea was based on the ideas of Franz Ernst Neumann Franz Ernst Neumann (11 September 1798 – 23 May 1895) was a German mineralogist and physicist. He devised the first formulas to calculate inductance. He also formulated Neumann's law for molecular heat. In electromagnetism, he is credited for ... and Bernhard Minnigerode. Thus, it is sometimes known as the Neuman–Minnigerode–Curie principle. Later physicists have interpreted Curie's principle in the context of thermodynamics. Dynamics close to equilibrium are described by a set of transport coefficients whose symmetries must match the symmetries of the system, according to Curie's principle. References Group theory {{Sci-stub Concepts in physics Symmetry ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pierre Curie
Pierre Curie ( ; ; 15 May 1859 – 19 April 1906) was a French physicist, Radiochemistry, radiochemist, and a pioneer in crystallography, magnetism, piezoelectricity, and radioactivity. He shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with his wife, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel". With their win, the Curies became the Nobel Prize#Statistics, first married couple to win a Nobel Prize, launching the Nobel Prize#Family laureates, Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. Early life Born in Paris on 15 May 1859, Pierre Curie was the son of Eugène Curie (1827–1910), a doctor of French Huguenot Protestant origin from Alsace, and Sophie-Claire Curie (née Depouilly; 1832–1897). He was educated by his father and in his early teens showed a strong aptitude for mathematics and geometry. When he was 16, he earned his Bachelor of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Woldemar Voigt
Woldemar Voigt (; 2 September 1850 – 13 December 1919) was a German mathematician and physicist. Biography Voigt was born in Leipzig, and died in Göttingen. He was a student of Franz Ernst Neumann. Voigt taught at the Georg August University of Göttingen and eventually went on to head the Mathematical Physics Department there. He was succeeded in 1914 by Peter Debye, who took charge of the theoretical department of the Physical Institute. Voigt worked on crystal physics, thermodynamics and electro-optics. His main work was the ''Lehrbuch der Kristallphysik'' (''Textbook on crystal physics''), first published in 1910. He discovered what is now called the Voigt effect in 1898. The word tensor in its current meaning was introduced by him in 1898. Voigt profile and Voigt notation are named after him. He was also an amateur musician and became known as a Bach expert (see External links). He was the first to suggest, in 1886, that Bach's Concerto for two harpsichords in C m ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Birefringence
Birefringence, also called double refraction, is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. These optically anisotropic materials are described as birefringent or birefractive. The birefringence is often quantified as the maximum difference between refractive indices exhibited by the material. Crystals with non-cubic crystal structures are often birefringent, as are plastics under mechanical stress. Birefringence is responsible for the phenomenon of double refraction whereby a ray of light, when incident upon a birefringent material, is split by polarization into two rays taking slightly different paths. This effect was first described by Danish scientist Rasmus Bartholin in 1669, who observed it in Iceland spar (calcite) crystals which have one of the strongest birefringences. In the 19th century Augustin-Jean Fresnel described the phenomenon in terms of polarization, understanding ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
