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Chaussee
''Chaussee'' is an historic term used in German-speaking countries for early, metalled, rural highways, designed by road engineers, as opposed to the hitherto, traditional, unpaved country roads. The term is no longer used in modern road construction in Western Europe, but survives in road names and is used by historians. In Eastern Europe and the post Soviet states it remains a generic term for a common paved highway outside of built-up areas, but they may transition into prospekts within towns and cities. Origin of the word and usage The German word was borrowed from the French by the German construction industry in the 18th century. The French word, in turn, went back to the Gallo-Romanic and meant a road surfaced with firmly compacted crushed rock bound with lime. :fr:Chaussée Contemporary German translations of the word were ('road embankment') and ('high way') and even the roughly similar English word, highway. Around 1790, Adelung complained that "several new aut ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Elbchaussee
The Elbchaussee () is a famous thoroughfare of Hamburg, Germany, joining the city's western Elbe suburbs (''Elbvororte'') Othmarschen, Nienstedten and Blankenese with Altona and Hamburg's inner city. Running along the elevated northern Elbe shore, across Geest heights, embedded forests and meadows, the Elbchaussee offers scenic views across the widening Lower Elbe, onto the opposite plains of Altes Land, and the distant activities of the port's container terminals. Elbchaussee is best known for its many stately homes and villas, framed by ancient trees and lush parks and gardens. Developed as a residential road in the 18th century, at times also center of a local recreational area, Elbchaussee today is still home to many of Hamburg's finest residences, restaurants and hotels. At a length of and a traffic volume of 40,000 cars per day, it also covers functions as a local collector road and one of Hamburg's arterial roads. History Since the time after the Thirty Years ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dutch Brick
Dutch brick (Dutch: IJsselsteen) is a small type of yellow brick made in the Netherlands, or similar brick, and an architectural style of building with brick developed by the Dutch. The brick, made from clay dug from river banks or dredged from river beds of the river IJssel and fired over a long period of time, was known for its durability and appearance. Traditional Dutch brick architecture is characterized by rounded or stepped gables. The brick was imported as ballast into Great Britain and the colonies in the east of America. Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, founded in 1591, was originally built of red Dutch brick. Dutch brickmakers emigrated to New Netherland in America, where they built kilns for firing bricks locally. Bricks were being burned in New Amsterdam (New York) by 1628, but the imported bricks were of better quality. At first the bricks were used only for chimneys, but they were later used to face the lower story of the house, and then the entire house. Most ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Prospekt (street)
Prospekt ( rus, проспе́кт, p=prɐˈspʲɛkt, a=Ru-проспект.ogg) is a Russian term describing a broad, multi-lane and very long straight street in urban areas, Ukrainian Language Dictionary (Academic Etymology Dictionary). which serves as an arterial road. The use of "prospekt" as a road-related concept originated in the Russian Empire. As an urban area sprawls along transportation routes, the roads outside of city limits called '' chaussee'' (French for |
Heerstraße
''Heerstraße'' is the German word for military road, a type or road that was built to enable the rapid movement of armies. Specific roads built for this purpose include the: * Aachen-Frankfurter Heerstraße * Bernauer Heerstraße * Lüneburger Heerstraße * Heerstraße (Berlin) ''Heerstraße'' is also used in: * Berlin Heerstraße station, a railway station in Berlin * Heerstraße (Frankfurt U-Bahn), a metro station on the Frankfurt U-Bahn * British War Cemetery, Heerstraße, on the list of cemeteries in Berlin * in Bremen since 1914 the name of former chaussees (for example, the Schwachhauser Heerstraße) * a road in Frankfurt am Main, once part of the historic '' Elisabethenstraße'' See also * Roman road * Military road {{Use dmy dates, date=November 2019 The following is a list of military roads worldwide. Australia * Part of the A8 (Sydney) between Neutral Bay and Mosman * Military Road, part of Route 39, Melbourne * Military Road, off Wanneroo Road just nort ... ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gotthard Alte Strasse
Gotthard or Saint Gotthard (Italian: San Gottardo) may refer to: People * Gotthard of Hildesheim (960–1038), Roman Catholic saint * Gotthard Heinrici (1886-1971), German General * Uziel Gal, who grew up as Gotthard Glas Places * Saint-Gotthard Massif, a mountain range in Switzerland * Gotthard nappe, the geological structure underneath the Saint-Gotthard Massif * Gotthard Pass, a mountain pass between Airolo (Ticino) and Andermatt (Uri) in Switzerland * Tunnels underneath Gotthard Pass: ** Gotthard Rail Tunnel (1882) ** Gotthard Road Tunnel (1980) ** Gotthard Base Tunnel (2016, part of the Swiss Alps Initiative) * Gotthard railway line, a trans-alpine railway line in Switzerland * Sankt Gotthard im Mühlviertel, a village in Upper Austria * Szentgotthárd, a town in Western Hungary Other uses * Gotthard (band), a Swiss hard rock band * Battle of Saint Gotthard (1664), a battle in the Austro-Turkish War fought near Szentgotthárd * Battle of Saint Gotthard (1705), a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Brick
A brick is a type of block used to build walls, pavements and other elements in masonry construction. Properly, the term ''brick'' denotes a block composed of dried clay, but is now also used informally to denote other chemically cured construction blocks. Bricks can be joined using mortar, adhesives or by interlocking them. Bricks are usually produced at brickworks in numerous classes, types, materials, and sizes which vary with region and time period, and are produced in bulk quantities. ''Block'' is a similar term referring to a rectangular building unit composed of similar materials, but is usually larger than a brick. Lightweight bricks (also called lightweight blocks) are made from expanded clay aggregate. Fired bricks are one of the longest-lasting and strongest building materials, sometimes referred to as artificial stone, and have been used since circa 4000 BC. Air-dried bricks, also known as mud-bricks, have a history older than fired bricks, and have an add ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Münster
Münster (; nds, Mönster) is an independent city (''Kreisfreie Stadt'') in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is in the northern part of the state and is considered to be the cultural centre of the Westphalia region. It is also a state district capital. Münster was the location of the Anabaptist rebellion during the Protestant Reformation and the site of the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia ending the Thirty Years' War in 1648. Today it is known as the bicycle capital of Germany. Münster gained the status of a ''Großstadt'' (major city) with more than 100,000 inhabitants in 1915. , there are 300,000 people living in the city, with about 61,500 students, only some of whom are recorded in the official population statistics as having their primary residence in Münster. Münster is a part of the international Euregio region with more than 1,000,000 inhabitants ( Enschede, Hengelo, Gronau, Osnabrück). History Early history In 793, Charlemagne sent out Ludger ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Road Surface
A road surface (British English), or pavement (American English), is the durable surface material laid down on an area intended to sustain vehicular or foot traffic, such as a road or walkway. In the past, gravel road surfaces, hoggin, cobblestone and granite setts were extensively used, but these have mostly been replaced by asphalt or concrete laid on a compacted base course. Asphalt mixtures have been used in pavement construction since the beginning of the 20th century and are of two types: metalled (hard-surfaced) and unmetalled roads. Metalled roadways are made to sustain vehicular load and so are usually made on frequently used roads. Unmetalled roads, also known as gravel roads, are rough and can sustain less weight. Road surfaces are frequently marked to guide traffic. Today, permeable paving methods are beginning to be used for low-impact roadways and walkways. Pavements are crucial to countries such as United States and Canada, which heavily depend on road tra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Subgrade
In transport engineering, subgrade is the native material underneath a constructed road,http://www.highwaysmaintenance.com/drainage.htm The Idiots' Guide to Highways Maintenance ''highwaysmaintenence.com'' pavement or railway track (US: railroad track). It is also called formation level. The term can also refer to imported material that has been used to build an embankment. Construction Subgrades are commonly compacted before the construction of a road, pavement or railway track See also * Subsoil Subsoil is the layer of soil under the topsoil on the surface of the ground. Like topsoil, it is composed of a variable mixture of small particles such as sand, silt and clay, but with a much lower percentage of organic matter and humus, and it ... * Track bed References {{Geotechnical engineering Road transport Pavements Transportation engineering Permanent way ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon Bonaparte ; it, Napoleone Bonaparte, ; co, Napulione Buonaparte. (born Napoleone Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military commander and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. He was the ''de facto'' leader of the French Republic as First Consul from 1799 to 1804, then Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814 and again in 1815. Napoleon's political and cultural legacy endures to this day, as a highly celebrated and controversial leader. He initiated many liberal reforms that have persisted in society, and is considered one of the greatest military commanders in history. His wars and campaigns are studied by militaries all over the world. Between three and six million civilians and soldiers perished in what became known as the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon was born on the island of Corsica, not long a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
John Loudon McAdam
John Loudon McAdam (23 September 1756 – 26 November 1836) was a Scottish civil engineer and road-builder. He invented a new process, "macadamisation", for building roads with a smooth hard surface, using controlled materials of mixed particle size and predetermined structure, that would be more durable and less muddy than soil-based tracks. Modern road construction still reflects McAdam's influence. Of subsequent improvements, the most significant was the introduction of tar (originally coal tar) to bind the road surface's stones together, " tarmac" (for Tar Macadam.) Early life McAdam was born in Ayr, Scotland. He was the youngest of ten children and second son of the Baron of Waterhead. He moved to Lagwine at Carsphairn when still a child to live with his grandparents. The family name was traditionally McGregor, but was changed to McAdam (claiming descent from the Biblical Adam) for political reasons in James VI's reign. He moved to New York in 1770 and, as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gravel
Gravel is a loose aggregation of rock fragments. Gravel occurs naturally throughout the world as a result of sedimentary and erosive geologic processes; it is also produced in large quantities commercially as crushed stone. Gravel is classified by particle size range and includes size classes from granule- to boulder-sized fragments. In the Udden-Wentworth scale gravel is categorized into granular gravel () and pebble gravel (). ISO 14688 grades gravels as fine, medium, and coarse, with ranges 2–6.3 mm to 20–63 mm. One cubic metre of gravel typically weighs about 1,800 kg (or a cubic yard weighs about 3,000 lb). Gravel is an important commercial product, with a number of applications. Almost half of all gravel production is used as aggregate for concrete. Much of the rest is used for road construction, either in the road base or as the road surface (with or without asphalt or other binders.) Naturally occurring porous gravel deposits have a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
