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Cervarix
Cervarix is a vaccine against certain types of cancer-causing human papillomavirus (HPV). Cervarix is designed to prevent infection from HPV types 16 and 18, that cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases. These types also cause most HPV-induced genital and head and neck cancers. Additionally, some cross-reactive protection against virus strains 45 and 31 were shown in clinical trials. Cervarix also contains AS04, a proprietary adjuvant that has been found to boost the immune system response for a longer period of time. Cervarix is manufactured by GlaxoSmithKline. An alternative product, from Merck & Co., is known as Gardasil. Cervarix was voluntarily taken off of the market in the US in 2016 due to low demand. Medical uses HPV is a virus, usually transmitted sexually, which can cause cervical cancer in a small percentage of those women genital infected. Cervarix is a preventative HPV vaccine, not therapeutic. HPV immunity is type-specific, so a successful series of Cervari ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gardasil
Gardasil is an HPV vaccine for use in the prevention of certain strains of human papillomavirus (HPV). Text was copied from this source which is copyright European Medicines Agency. Reproduction is authorized provided the source is acknowledged. It was developed by Merck & Co. High-risk human papilloma virus (hr-HPV) genital infection is the most common sexually transmitted infection among women. The HPV strains that Gardasil protects against are sexually transmitted, specifically HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18. HPV types 16 and 18 cause an estimated 70% of cervical cancers, and are responsible for most HPV-induced anal, vulvar, vaginal, and penile cancer cases. HPV types 6 and 11 cause an estimated 90% of genital warts cases. HPV type 16 is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers, and the prevalence is higher in males than females. Though Gardasil does not treat existing infection, vaccination is still recommended for HPV-positive individuals, as i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jian Zhou
Jian Zhou (; February 24, 1957 – March 9, 1999) was a Chinese virologist and cancer researcher, who with fellow researcher Ian Frazer, invented Gardasil and Cervarix, the vaccines for stimulating human immunological resistance to the cervical cancer-inducing human papilloma virus. Early life and education Zhou was born in 1957 in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China. He was admitted to Wenzhou Medical College in 1977 and graduated 1982. His wife Xiao-Yi Sun (孙小依) was his classmate at the college. He subsequently earned a master's degree from Zhejiang Medical University, where he pursued his research interest in HPV. He then earned his M.D. at Henan Medical University (now medical school of Zhengzhou University) and worked as a postdoctoral researcher at Beijing Medical University, before moving to the University of Cambridge in 1988 to continue his research in cancer and virus. HPV and Papilloma vaccine Zhou met future research partner Ian Frazer at the University of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Human Papillomavirus
Human papillomavirus infection (HPV infection) is caused by a DNA virus from the ''Papillomaviridae'' family. Many HPV infections cause no symptoms and 90% resolve spontaneously within two years. In some cases, an HPV infection persists and results in either warts or precancerous lesions. All warts are caused by HPV. These lesions, depending on the site affected, increase the risk of cancer of the cervical cancer, cervix, vulva cancer, vulva, vaginal cancer, vagina, penis cancer, penis, anal cancer, anus, oropharyngeal cancer, mouth, tonsils, or throat. Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV, and two strains – HPV16 and HPV18 – account for 70% of all cases. HPV16 is responsible for almost 90% of HPV-positive oropharyngeal cancers. Between 60% and 90% of the other cancers listed above are also linked to HPV. HPV6 and HPV11 are common causes of genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis. An HPV infection is caused by the ''human papillomavirus'', a DNA virus from the papi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ian Frazer
Ian Hector Frazer (born 6 January 1953) is a Scottish-born Australian immunologist, the founding Chief Executive Officer, CEO and Executive Director, Director of Research of the Translational Research Institute (Australia). Frazer and Jian Zhou developed and patented the basic technology behind the HPV vaccine against cervical cancer at the University of Queensland. Researchers at the National Cancer Institute, Georgetown University, and University of Rochester also contributed to the further development of the cervical cancer vaccine in parallel. Education Frazer was born in Glasgow, Scotland. His parents were medical scientists, and he was drawn to science from a young age. Frazer attended Aberdeen private school Robert Gordon's College. He chose to pursue medicine over an earlier interest in physics due to physics having fewer research opportunities, and he received his Bachelor of Science and Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery, at the University of Edinburgh i ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Virus-like Particle
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are molecules that closely resemble viruses, but are non-infectious because they contain no viral genetic material. They can be naturally occurring or synthesized through the individual expression of viral structural proteins, which can then self assemble into the virus-like structure. Combinations of structural capsid proteins from different viruses can be used to create recombinant VLPs. Both in-vivo assembly (i.e., assembly inside E. coli bacteria via recombinant co-expression of multiple proteins) and in-vitro assembly (i.e., protein self-assembly in a reaction vessel using stoichiometric quantities of previously purified proteins) have been successfully shown to form virus-like particles. VLPs derived from the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and composed of the small HBV derived surface antigen (HBsAg) were described in 1968 from patient sera. VLPs have been produced from components of a wide variety of virus families including Parvoviridae (e.g. adeno-associ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
AS04
Adjuvant System 04 or AS04 is a trade name for a combination of adjuvants used in various vaccine products by GlaxoSmithKline, in particular the Fendrix hepatitis B vaccine and Cervarix human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. It consists of aluminium hydroxide and monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). It is the successor of AS03, a squalene based adjuvant used in H1N1/09 and H5N1 influenza vaccines. Efficacy and safety HPV vaccines Studies on an AS04-adjuvanted HPV-16/18 vaccine showed a high and sustained immune response to HPV antigens after injection, including in patients receiving subsequent doses. Immune response was enhanced by the MPL component which triggered local NF-kB and cytokine production, leading to increased activation of antigen-presenting cells. Immune response duration was extended by the aluminium hydroxide component. The HPV-16/18 AS04-adjuvanted vaccine showed enhanced efficacy compared to an aluminium salt-adjuvanted formulation, with a higher level of antibodi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), also known as cervical dysplasia, is the abnormal growth of cells on the surface of the cervix that could potentially lead to cervical cancer. More specifically, CIN refers to the potentially Precancerous condition, precancerous transformation of cells of the cervix. CIN most commonly occurs at the Transformation zone, squamocolumnar junction of the cervix, a transitional area between the Squamous epithelial cell, squamous epithelium of the vagina and the columnar epithelium of the endocervix. It can also occur in vaginal walls and vulvar epithelium. CIN is graded on a 1–3 scale, with 3 being the most abnormal (see classification section below). Human papillomavirus (Human papillomavirus infection, HPV) infection is necessary for the development of CIN, but not all with this infection develop cervical cancer. Many women with HPV infection never develop CIN or cervical cancer. Typically, HPV resolves on its own. However, those with an HPV ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baculovirus
''Baculoviridae'' is a family of viruses. Arthropods, among the most studied being Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Diptera, serve as natural hosts. Currently, 85 species are placed in this family, assigned to four genera. Baculoviruses are known to infect insects, with over 600 host species having been described. Immature (larval) forms of lepidopteran species (moths and butterflies) are the most common hosts, but these viruses have also been found infecting sawflies, and mosquitoes. Although baculoviruses are capable of entering mammalian cells in culture, they are not known to be capable of replication in mammalian or other vertebrate animal cells. Starting in the 1940s, they were used and studied widely as biopesticides in crop fields. Baculoviruses contain a circular, double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome ranging from 80 to 180 kbp. Historical influence The earliest records of baculoviruses can be found in the literature from as early as the 16th century in reports of "wi ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
High Five Cells
High Five (BTI-Tn-5B1-4) is an insect cell line that originated from the eggs of the cabbage looper, '' Trichoplusia ni.'' It was developed by the Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research. High Five cells have become one of the most commonly used cell lines for recombinant protein expression using baculovirus or transfection, and have been demonstrated to express more recombinant protein than other lepidopteran cell lines, such as Sf9 cells. The High Five cells have been used to produce the VLP-based HPV vaccine Cervarix. They can be grown in the absence of serum, and can be cultured in a loose attached state or in suspension High Five cells produce abundant microRNAs (miRNAs), small interfering RNA Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded RNA, double-stranded non-coding RNA, non-coding RNA, RNA molecules, typically 20–24 base pairs in length, similar to microR ...s (siRNAs), and PIWI-intera ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cervical Cancer
Cervical cancer is a cancer arising from the cervix or in any layer of the wall of the cervix. It is due to the abnormal growth of cells that can invade or spread to other parts of the body. Early on, typically no symptoms are seen. Later symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain or pain during sexual intercourse. While bleeding after sex may not be serious, it may also indicate the presence of cervical cancer. Virtually all cervical cancer cases (99%) are linked to genital human papillomavirus infection (HPV); most who have had HPV infections, however, do not develop cervical cancer. HPV 16 and 18 strains are responsible for approximately 70% of cervical cancer cases globally and nearly 50% of high grade cervical pre-cancers. Minor risk factors include smoking, a weak immune system, birth control pills, starting sex at a young age, and having many sexual partners. Genetic factors also contribute to cervical cancer risk. Cervical cancer typically develo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arthralgia
Arthralgia () literally means ' joint pain'. Specifically, arthralgia is a symptom of injury, infection, illness (in particular arthritis), or an allergic reaction to medication Medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal product, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to medical diagnosis, diagnose, cure, treat, or preventive medicine, prevent disease. Drug therapy (pharmaco .... According to MeSH, the term ''arthralgia'' should only be used when the condition is non-inflammatory, and the term ''arthritis'' should be used when the condition is inflammatory. Causes The causes of ''arthralgia'' are varied and range, from a joints perspective, from degenerative and destructive processes such as osteoarthritis and sports injuries to inflammation of tissues surrounding the joints, such as bursitis. These might be triggered by other things, such as infections or vaccinations. Diagnosis Diagnosis involves interviewing the patie ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Recombinant DNA
Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) that bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome. Recombinant DNA is the general name for a piece of DNA that has been created by combining two or more fragments from different sources. Recombinant DNA is possible because DNA molecules from all organisms share the same chemical structure, differing only in the nucleotide sequence. Recombinant DNA molecules are sometimes called chimeric DNA because they can be made of material from two different species like the mythical chimera. rDNA technology uses palindromic sequences and leads to the production of sticky and blunt ends. The DNA sequences used in the construction of recombinant DNA molecules can originate from any species. For example, plant DNA can be joined to bacterial DNA, or human DNA can be joined with fun ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
