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Cerebral Vasodilator
A cerebral vasodilator is a drug which acts as a vasodilator in the brain. They are used to improve blood flow in people with cerebrovascular insufficiency and to treat neurological disorders secondary to this condition. A number of different cerebral vasodilators exist. An example is ifenprodil, which has been marketed for use as a cerebral vasodilator in France, Hong Kong, and Japan. Other examples include buphenine (nylidrin), isoxsuprine, oxyfedrine, suloctidil, and tinofedrine. Similar drugs include cerebral activators, or cerebral metabolism activators, like bifemelane, indeloxazine, and teniloxazine, which are also used to treat cerebrovascular disease. See also * Nootropic References {{Reflist Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system Drugs acting on the nervous system Neuroprotective agents Vasodilators Cerebral vasodilators ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cerebrovascular Insufficiency
Cerebrovascular disease includes a variety of Medicine, medical conditions that affect the blood vessels of the brain and the cerebral circulation. Arteries supplying oxygen and nutrients to the brain are often Angiopathy, damaged or deformed in these disorders. The most common presentation of cerebrovascular disease is an ischemic stroke or Transient ischemic attack, mini-stroke and sometimes a hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is the most important contributing risk factor for stroke and cerebrovascular diseases as it can change the structure of blood vessels and result in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis narrows blood vessels in the brain, resulting in decreased cerebral perfusion. Other risk factors that contribute to stroke include smoking and diabetes. Narrowed cerebral arteries can lead to ischemic stroke, but continually elevated blood pressure can also cause tearing of vessels, leading to a hemorrhagic stroke. A stroke usually presents with an abrupt ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Suloctidil
Suloctidil was a sulfur-containing aminoalcohol that was brought to market in the early 1970s as a vasodilator by Continental Pharma, a Belgian company. Continental was bought by Monsanto in 1984, primarily on the promise of sales of suloctidil, which was approved in Europe at the time, but not in the US. However, in 1985 Monsanto halted development and withdrew the drug worldwide following reports of liver toxicity Hepatotoxicity (from ''hepatic toxicity'') implies chemical-driven liver damage. Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a cause of acute and chronic liver disease caused specifically by medications and the most common reason for a drug to be withdr .... References Alcohols Beta-Hydroxyamphetamines Hepatotoxins Isopropyl compounds Thioethers Withdrawn drugs {{cardiovascular-drug-stub Cerebral vasodilators ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Neuroprotective Agents
Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function. In the case of an ongoing insult (a neurodegenerative insult) the relative preservation of neuronal integrity implies a reduction in the rate of neuronal loss over time, which can be expressed as a differential equation. Mechanisms in neurodegeneration, and associated treatments It is a widely explored treatment option for many central nervous system disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, and acute management of neurotoxin consumption (i.e. methamphetamine overdoses). Neuroprotection aims to prevent or slow disease progression and secondary injuries by halting or at least slowing the loss of neurons. Despite differences in symptoms or injuries associated with CNS disorders, many of the mechanisms behind neurodegeneration are the same. Common mechanisms of neuronal injury include decreased delivery of oxygen and glucose to the bra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Drugs Acting On The Nervous System
A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. Consumption of drugs can be via inhalation, injection, smoking, ingestion, absorption via a patch on the skin, suppository, or dissolution under the tongue. In pharmacology, a drug is a chemical substance, typically of known structure, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect. A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being. Traditionally drugs were obtained through extraction from medicinal plants, but more recently also by organic synthesis. Pharmaceutical drugs may be used for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders. Classification Pharmaceutical drugs are often classified into drug classes—groups of related drugs that have simila ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nootropic
Nootropics ( or ) (colloquially brain supplements, smart drugs, cognitive enhancers, memory enhancers, or brain boosters) are chemical substances which purportedly improve cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, wakefulness, and self-control. In the United States, nootropics can be over-the-counter drugs and commonly advertised with unproven claims of effectiveness for improving cognition. The Federal Trade Commission and FDA have warned manufacturers and consumers about possible advertising fraud and marketing scams concerning nootropic supplements. Nootropics include both prescription drugs and dietary supplements marketed to enhance brain function, but while FDA-approved drugs have proven benefits and oversight, many dietary supplements lack evidence, may contain unapproved or hidden drugs, and pose safety and regulatory risks.Nootropics: Drugs vs Dietary Supplements for Brain Health. Operation Supplement Safety. https://www.opss.org/article/nootropics-drugs- ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cerebrovascular Disease
Cerebrovascular disease includes a variety of medical conditions that affect the blood vessels of the brain and the cerebral circulation. Arteries supplying oxygen and nutrients to the brain are often damaged or deformed in these disorders. The most common presentation of cerebrovascular disease is an ischemic stroke or mini-stroke and sometimes a hemorrhagic stroke. Hypertension (high blood pressure) is the most important contributing risk factor for stroke and cerebrovascular diseases as it can change the structure of blood vessels and result in atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis narrows blood vessels in the brain, resulting in decreased cerebral perfusion. Other risk factors that contribute to stroke include smoking and diabetes. Narrowed cerebral arteries can lead to ischemic stroke, but continually elevated blood pressure can also cause tearing of vessels, leading to a hemorrhagic stroke. A stroke usually presents with an abrupt onset of a neurologic deficit – such as ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Teniloxazine
Teniloxazine (Lucelan, Metatone), also known as sufoxazine and sulfoxazine, is a drug which is marketed in Japan. Though initially investigated as a neuroprotective and nootropic agent for the treatment of cerebrovascular insufficiency in the 1980s, it was ultimately developed and approved as an antidepressant instead. It acts as a potent norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, with fair selectivity over the serotonin and dopamine transporters, and also behaves as an antagonist of the 5-HT2A receptor. Synthesis Amide formation between 1-(Benzylamino)-3-propan-2-ol 2473-86-3(1) and Chloroacetylchloride 9-04-9(2) gives PC13682456 (3). In the presence of sodium metal closing of the ring morpholine occurs to give PC13682470 (4). Lactam reduction with lithium aluminium hydride affords 4-Benzyl-2-(methyl)morpholine 2473-77-2(5). Treatment with Ethyl chloroformate 41-41-3(6) gives the urethane and hence 4-Ethoxycarbonyl-2- -(2-thenyl)-phenoxymethylorpholine, PC21482171 (7). Hydrolysis ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Indeloxazine
Indeloxazine ( INN; trade names Elen and Noin) is an antidepressant and cerebral activator that was marketed in Japan and South Korea by Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd for the treatment of psychiatric symptoms associated with cerebrovascular diseases, namely depression resulting from stroke, emotional disturbance, and avolition. It was marketed from 1988 to 1998, when it was removed from the market reportedly for lack of effectiveness. Indeloxazine acts as a serotonin releasing agent, norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and NMDA receptor antagonist. It has been found to enhance acetylcholine release in the rat forebrain through activation of the 5-HT4 receptor via its action as a serotonin releasing agent. The drug has been found to possess nootropic, neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, and antidepressant-like effects in animal model An animal model (short for animal disease model) is a living, non-human, often genetic-engineered animal used during the research and inves ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Bifemelane
Bifemelane (INN), sold under the brand names Alnert and Celeport, is an antidepressant and cerebral activator that was widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarction patients with depressive symptoms in Japan, and in the treatment of dementia as well. It also appears to be useful in the treatment of glaucoma. It has been discontinued in Japan since 1998, when it was removed from the market reportedly for lack of effectiveness. Bifemelane acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) of both isoenzymes, with competitive reversible inhibition of MAO-A (Ki = 4.20 ''μ''M), making it a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A (RIMA) and non-competitive irreversible inhibition of MAO-B (Ki = 46.0 ''μ''M), and also acts (weakly) as a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (NRI). The drug has nootropic, neuroprotective, and antidepressant-like effects in animal models, and appears to enhance the cholinergic system in the brain The brain is an organ (biology), organ ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cerebral Activator
A cerebral activator, also known as a cerebral metabolic enhancer or activator, is a type of drug that "activates" the central nervous system in the context of cerebrovascular diseases such as stroke and dementia. The term has been used specifically to describe a few Japanese drugs, such as indeloxazine and bifemelane. See also * Cerebral vasodilator * Nootropic Nootropics ( or ) (colloquially brain supplements, smart drugs, cognitive enhancers, memory enhancers, or brain boosters) are chemical substances which purportedly improve cognitive functions, such as attention, memory, wakefulness, and self ... References Drugs acting on the nervous system Neuroprotective agents {{Nervous-system-drug-stub Cerebral activators ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tinofedrine
Tinofedrine (; developmental code name D-8955, proposed brand name Novocebrin), also known as ''N''-(3,3-di-3-thienyl)-2-propenyl)norephedrine, is a sympathomimetic and cerebral vasodilator of the amphetamine family which was never marketed. It is a derivative of norephedrine and an analogue of related agents like oxyfedrine, buphenine (nylidrin), and isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine (used as isoxsuprine hydrochloride) is a drug used as a vasodilator in humans (under the trade name Duvadilan) and equines. Isoxsuprine is a β2 adrenoreceptor agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth musc .... The drug was first described in the literature by 1978. References Abandoned drugs Beta-Hydroxyamphetamines Enantiopure drugs Sympathomimetics Thiophenes Vasodilators {{Pharma-stub Cerebral vasodilators ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
