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Centre Civic Alliance
The Center Civic Alliance (), abbreviated as POC, was a center-right electoral alliance of several political parties that participated in the 1991 Polish parliamentary election. The Center Civic Alliance was chiefly organized by the Centre Agreement, drawing in remnants of the Solidarity Citizens' Committees, independents, and Christian right parties, including the Polish Popular-Christian Forum "Patrimony". The alliance was created after its main component, the Centre Agreement, attempted to form a broad alliance supporting President Lech Wałęsa. However, the alliance quickly fell out of favor with the president, failing to gain Wałęsa's approval. In its aftermath, Centre Agreement leader Jarosław Kaczyński was subsequently fired from his position as Chief of the Presidential Chancellery. For the 1991 elections, the Center Civic Alliance supported a pro-Western foreign policy, advocating membership into NATO, faster privatization, decommunization, and greater economic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Logo Of Porozumienie Obywatelskie Centrum
A logo (abbreviation of logotype; ) is a graphic mark, emblem, or symbol used to aid and promote public identification and recognition. It may be of an abstract or figurative design or include the text of the name that it represents, as in a wordmark. In the days of hot metal typesetting, a logotype was one word cast as a single piece of type (e.g. "The" in ATF Garamond), as opposed to a Typographic ligature, ligature, which is two or more letters joined, but not forming a word. By extension, the term was also used for a uniquely set and arranged typeface or colophon (publishing), colophon. At the level of mass communication and in common usage, a company's logo is today often synonymous with its trademark or brand.Wheeler, Alina. ''Designing Brand Identity'' © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (page 4) Etymology Online Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper's ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' states that the first surviving written record of the term 'logo' dates back to 1937, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chancellery Of The President Of The Republic Of Poland
The Chancellery of the President of the Republic of Poland (, KPRP) is an institution that assists the President of Poland with fulfilling his tasks as head of state. The Chancellery is headed by its chief, currently being Małgorzata Paprocka. Chiefs of the Chancellery # Michał Janiszewski (September 1989 – December 21, 1990) – under President Wojciech Jaruzelski # Jarosław Kaczyński (December 22, 1990 – October 31, 1991) – Lech Wałęsa # Janusz Ziółkowski (November 1, 1991 – May 11, 1995) – Lech Wałęsa # Tomasz Kwiatkowski (May 11, 1995 – August 12, 1995) – Lech Wałęsa # Stanisław Iwanicki (August 21, 1995 – December 22, 1995) – Lech Wałęsa # Danuta Waniek (December 23, 1995 – December 2, 1997) – Aleksander Kwaśniewski # Danuta Hübner (December 2, 1997 – November 13, 1998) – Aleksander Kwaśniewski # Ryszard Kalisz (November 13, 1998 – June 13, 2000) – Aleksander Kwaśniewski # Jolanta Szymanek-Deresz (June 13, 2000 – Octobe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conservative Parties In Poland
Conservatism is a Philosophy of culture, cultural, Social philosophy, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, Convention (norm), customs, and Value (ethics and social sciences), values. The central tenets of conservatism may vary in relation to the culture and civilization in which it appears. In Western culture, depending on the particular nation, conservatives seek to promote and preserve a range of institutions, such as the nuclear family, organized religion, the military, the nation-state, property rights, rule of law, aristocracy, and monarchy. Conservatives tend to favor institutions and practices that enhance social order and historical continuity. The 18th-century Anglo-Irish statesman Edmund Burke, who opposed the French Revolution but supported the American Revolution, is credited as one of the forefathers of conservative thought in the 1790s along with Savoyard statesman Joseph de Maistre. The first ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Party Switching
Party switching or party hopping is any change in political party affiliation of a partisan public figure, usually one currently holding election, elected office. Party switching occurs quite commonly in Brazil, India, Indonesia, Italy, Romania, Ukraine, and the Philippines. Australia It is rare in Australia for a member of a major party to switch to another political party, especially another to major party. It is more common for a member of parliament to Independent politicians in Australia, become an independent or form their own minor political party. Notable individual party switchers at federal level include: *Agnes Robertson Robertson, Agnes Robertson – Liberal Party of Australia, Liberal to Australian Country Party (1920), Country, 1955 *Don Chipp – Liberal to Australian Democrats, Democrats (new party), 1977 *Peter Richardson (Australian politician), Peter Richardson – Liberal to Progress Party (Australia), Progress, 1977 *John Siddons and David Vigor – Democra ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1993 Polish Parliamentary Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 19 September 1993. All 460 members of the Sejm and 100 senators of the Senate of Poland, Senate were elected. The elections were won by the left-wing parties of the Democratic Left Alliance (Poland), Democratic Left Alliance and the Polish People's Party, who formed a coalition government. The coalition was just four seats short of a supermajority. Electoral law Changes to the electoral law adopted in the spring of 1993 made medium and large groups be rewarded as a result of division of seats in the D'Hondt method and electoral thresholds were introduced: 5% for parties, 7% for national lists and 8% for Electoral alliance, electoral blocs. Campaign The sudden dissolution of the First Term Sejm meant that most parties were not prepared for the election campaign. The previous dispute between the post-Solidarity and post-communist camps gave way to conflicts within the former to a large extent. Under the influence of the divergence of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Christian National Union
The Christian National Union (, ZChN)Maher (2004), p. 3458 was a Christian-democratic and nationalist political party in Poland. Established on 15 September 1989, the party traced its tradition to the Solidarity movement (both the trade union and the Solidarity Citizens' Committee), as well as pre-World War II National Democracy and Polish Christian Democratic Party. The party adhered to the Christian right, advocating social conservatism. From its foundation until 1994, the party was led by Wiesław Chrzanowski, who was Marshal of the Sejm in 1991–1993. History The ZChN was part of the Alliance for Poland, along with the Centre Agreement, and participated in all the governments from 1989 to 1993. In the 1991 parliamentary election the party obtained 8.7% of the votes. In the subsequent 1993 parliamentary election the ZChN, running under formed a broader electoral list and won 6.4% of the votes, falling short of the 8% electoral threshold for coalitions. In 1996, the part ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peasants' Agreement
The Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement (, PSL-PL), commonly known simply as Peasants' Agreement (''PL''), was an agrarian and Christian-democratic political party in Poland. History The party originated from the People's Agreement, an electoral list consisting mainly of Rural Solidarity (RS) and two dissident groups of the Polish People's Party (PSL), the so-called "Polish People's Party ( Mikołajczyk)" and the "Polish People's Party (Wilanów)". The People's Agreement participated in the 1991 parliamentary election, obtaining 5.5% of the vote, 28 seats in the Sejm and five in the Senate.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', pp. 1511–1513 Subsequently, PSL-W's Henryk Bąk was elected Deputy Marshal of the Sejm and the group was part of the government led by Jan Olszewski, with RS' Gabriel Janowski as Minister of Agriculture.Piotr Wróbel (2014) ''Historical Dictionary of Poland 1945-1996'', Routledge, p248 The PL was f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Minority Government
A minority government, minority cabinet, minority administration, or a minority parliament is a government and cabinet formed in a parliamentary system when a political party or coalition of parties does not have a majority of overall seats in the legislature. It is sworn into office, with or without the formal support of other parties, enabling a government to be formed. Under such a government, legislation can only be passed with the support or consent of enough other members of the legislature to provide a majority, encouraging multi-partisanship. In bicameral legislatures, the term relates to the situation in the chamber whose confidence is considered most crucial to the continuance in office of the government (generally, the lower house). A minority government tends to be less stable than a majority government because, if they can unite, opposing parliamentary members have sufficient numbers to vote against legislation, or even bring down the government with a vote of no c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jan Olszewski
Jan Ferdynand Olszewski (; 20 August 1930 – 7 February 2019) was a Polish conservative lawyer and politician who served as the Prime Minister of Poland for five months between December 1991 and early June 1992 and later became a leading figure of the conservative Movement for the Reconstruction of Poland. During his premiership, Olszewski's cabinet worked under new international conditions. At the end of December 1991, the Soviet Union was dissolved. This motivated the government to start integration with NATO and European Community. For the first time, in official documents, it was mentioned that membership in NATO is part of Polish defence strategy. Negotiations to withdraw Russian armies from Poland started at the end of October 1990, were accelerated. In March 1992, a period of confusion occurred when president Lech Wałęsa presented his conception of new economic and military alliance with former Warsaw Pact during his visit to Germany, which went against the euro Atlantic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Polish Senate
The Senate () is the upper house of the Polish parliament, the lower house being the Sejm. The history of the Polish Senate stretches back over 500 years; it was one of the first constituent bodies of a bicameral parliament in Europe and existed without hiatus until the final partition of the Polish state in 1795. The contemporary Senate is composed of 100 senators elected by a universal ballot and is headed by the Marshal of the Senate (''Marszałek Senatu''). The incumbent Marshal of the Senate is Małgorzata Kidawa-Błońska. Following a brief period of existence under the Second Polish Republic, the Senate was again abolished by the authorities of the Polish People's Republic. It was not re-established until the collapse of the communist government and reinstatement of democracy in Poland in 1989. The Senate is based in Warsaw and is located in a building which forms part of the Sejm Complex on Wiejska Street, in close proximity to the Three Crosses Square and Ujazdów ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sejm
The Sejm (), officially known as the Sejm of the Republic of Poland (), is the lower house of the bicameralism, bicameral parliament of Poland. The Sejm has been the highest governing body of the Third Polish Republic since the Polish People's Republic, transition of government in 1989. Along with the upper house of parliament, the Senate of Poland, Senate, it forms the national legislature in Poland known as Parliament of Poland#National Assembly, National Assembly (). The Sejm comprises 460 Member of parliament, deputies (singular or ) elected every four years by Universal suffrage, universal ballot. The Sejm is presided over by a Speaker of parliament, speaker, the "Marshal of the Sejm" (). In the Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569), Kingdom of Poland, the term ''Sejm'' referred to an entire two-Chambers of parliament, chamber parliament, comprising the Chamber of Deputies (), the Senate and the King. It was thus a three-estate parliament. The 1573 Henrician Articles strengthe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Decommunization
Decommunization in former communist states is the process of purging former communist high officials and eliminating communist symbols. It is sometimes referred to as political cleansing. Although the term has been occasionally used during the Cold War, it is most commonly applied to the former countries of the Eastern Bloc, those countries that were considered being close to the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union to describe a number of legal and social changes during their periods of postcommunism during the post–Cold War era. In some states, decommunization includes bans on communist symbols. While sharing common traits, the processes of decommunization have run differently in different states. Responsible institutions * Czechia – The Office of the Documentation and the Investigation of the Crimes of Communism * Estonia – The Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity * Germany – The Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Recor ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
