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Centre Agreement – Integrative Initiative
The Centre Agreement – Integrative Initiative (, PC–II) was a Christian-democratic political party in Poland. It was founded by the former secretary and member of the executive board of Centre Agreement (PC) Wojciech Dobrzyński, who was stripped of his functions on 5 October 1994, and then expelled from the party by Jarosław Kaczyński in January 1995. Kaczyński expelled Dobrzyński over his willigness to cooperate with the right-wing Christian National Union, a party that wanted to create an All-Polish electoral alliance that would unite all right-leaning parties in Poland but exclude the PC. In response, Dobrzyński founded the PC–II in January 1995, and pursued the creation of a big tent post-Solidarity bloc on his own. The party supported Lech Wałęsa in the 1995 Polish presidential election and entered the president's inner circle. In July 1995, Centre Agreement – Integrative Initiative participated in talks organized by Wałęsa's party, Nonpartisan Bloc for Suppo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nonpartisan Bloc For Support Of Reforms
The Nonpartisan Bloc for Support of Reforms (, BBWR) was an officially nonpartisan organization (but, in fact, a political party) affiliated with Lech Wałęsa. The party was established in 1993, and became part of Solidarity Electoral Action in 1997. It was founded to continue the traditions of Józef Piłsudski's pre-war Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government ('), which likewise had been known by the same initials, ''BBWR''. After local electoral losses in 1994, Wałęsa issued a statement that invoked comparisons with Piłsudski, who had become dictator of Poland: "When the time comes to introduce a dictatorship, the people will force me to accept this role, and I shall not refuse."Visions of the Past Are Competing for Votes in Poland |
Confederation Of Independent Poland
Confederation of Independent Poland (KPN, ) was a Polish nationalist political party founded on 1 September 1979 by Leszek Moczulski and others declaring support for the pre-war traditions of Sanacja and Józef Piłsudski. It was the first independent political party that was publicly proclaimed in the Eastern Bloc, it was however unrecognized by the communist People's Republic of Poland government and its chief activists were arrested several times. It didn't participate in the Polish Roundtable Negotiations with the communists. History Foundation After the fragmentation of the anti-communist ROPCiO (Movement for the protection of human and civil rights), former leader Leszek Moczulski began preparing structures for a new organization with other independence activists, most importantly Romuald Szeremietiew and Tadeusz Stański. It was decided that the new organization would be a Confederation (that is how parties in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth were called) of ma ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
1993 Polish Parliamentary Election
Parliamentary elections were held in Poland on 19 September 1993. All 460 members of the Sejm and 100 senators of the Senate of Poland, Senate were elected. The elections were won by the left-wing parties of the Democratic Left Alliance (Poland), Democratic Left Alliance and the Polish People's Party, who formed a coalition government. The coalition was just four seats short of a supermajority. Electoral law Changes to the electoral law adopted in the spring of 1993 made medium and large groups be rewarded as a result of division of seats in the D'Hondt method and electoral thresholds were introduced: 5% for parties, 7% for national lists and 8% for Electoral alliance, electoral blocs. Campaign The sudden dissolution of the First Term Sejm meant that most parties were not prepared for the election campaign. The previous dispute between the post-Solidarity and post-communist camps gave way to conflicts within the former to a large extent. Under the influence of the divergence of ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Peasants' Agreement
The Polish People's Party – Peasants' Agreement (, PSL-PL), commonly known simply as Peasants' Agreement (''PL''), was an agrarian and Christian-democratic political party in Poland. History The party originated from the People's Agreement, an electoral list consisting mainly of Rural Solidarity (RS) and two dissident groups of the Polish People's Party (PSL), the so-called "Polish People's Party ( Mikołajczyk)" and the "Polish People's Party (Wilanów)". The People's Agreement participated in the 1991 parliamentary election, obtaining 5.5% of the vote, 28 seats in the Sejm and five in the Senate.Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) ''Elections in Europe: A data handbook'', pp. 1511–1513 Subsequently, PSL-W's Henryk Bąk was elected Deputy Marshal of the Sejm and the group was part of the government led by Jan Olszewski, with RS' Gabriel Janowski as Minister of Agriculture.Piotr Wróbel (2014) ''Historical Dictionary of Poland 1945-1996'', Routledge, p248 The PL was f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Office Of State Protection
The Office of State Protection (Polish: ''Urząd Ochrony Państwa'' (, UOP) Kancelaria Sejmu, , p. 401) was the of from 1990 to 2002, when it was split into two new agencies. Foundation The UOP was founded on 6 April 1990 as a department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. |
Ministry Of Public Security (Poland)
The Ministry of Public Security (), was the secret police, intelligence and counter-espionage agency operating in the Polish People's Republic. From 1945 to 1954 it was known as the Security Office (, UB), and from 1956 to 1990 as the Security Service (, SB). The initial UB was headed by Public Security General Stanisław Radkiewicz and supervised by Jakub Berman of the Polish United Workers' Party, Polish Politburo. The main goal of the Department of Security was the swift eradication of anti-communist structures and socio-political base of the Polish Underground State, as well as the persecution of former underground soldiers of the Home Army () and later anti-communist organizations like Freedom and Independence (WiN). The Ministry of Public Security was established on 1 January 1945 and ceased operations on 7 December 1954. It was the chief secret service in communist Poland during the period of Stalinism. Throughout its existence, the UB was responsible for brutally beatin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Mieczysław Wachowski
Mieczysław Wachowski (born 21 December 1950) is a Polish politician. He was a minister of state, and close friend and aide of Lech Wałęsa. Before he became a minister of state, he had been a taxi driver, who voluntarily wanted to drive Wałęsa. He was rumored to be a Secret Police (SB) officer (1980). References 1950 births Living people Polish politicians Place of birth missing (living people) {{poland-politician-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
McCarthyism
McCarthyism is a political practice defined by the political repression and persecution of left-wing individuals and a Fear mongering, campaign spreading fear of communist and Soviet influence on American institutions and of Soviet espionage in the United States during the late 1940s through the 1950s, heavily associated with the Second Red Scare, also known as the McCarthy Era. After the mid-1950s, U.S. senator Joseph McCarthy, who had spearheaded the campaign, gradually lost his public popularity and credibility after several of his accusations were found to be false. The Warren Court, U.S. Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren made a series of rulings on civil and political rights that overturned several key laws and legislative directives, and helped bring an end to the Second Red Scare. Historians have suggested since the 1980s that as McCarthy's involvement was less central than that of others, a different and more accurate term should be used instead that more acc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Democratic Union (Poland)
The Democratic Union () was a liberal Christian-democratic party in Poland. The party was founded in 1991 by Prime Minister, Christian Democrat Tadeusz Mazowiecki as a merger of the Citizens' Movement for Democratic Action (''Ruch Obywatelski Akcja Demokratyczna'') and the Forum of Right Democrats (''Forum Prawicy Demokratycznej''). The party had a Social capitalist outlook with Christian-democratic influence. Important members were Bronisław Geremek, Jacek Kuroń, Adam Michnik, Hanna Suchocka, Jan Rokita and Aleksander Hall. In 1994, the party merged with the Liberal Democratic Congress into the Freedom Union (''Unia Wolności''). Election results Sejm Senate See also *Christian democracy Christian democracy is an ideology inspired by Christian social teaching to respond to the challenges of contemporary society and politics. Christian democracy has drawn mainly from Catholic social teaching and neo-scholasticism, as well ... References 1990 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Coalition For The Republic
The Coalition for the Republic (, KdR) was a Christian-democratic electoral alliance in Poland. It consisted of several parties - the Movement for the Republic (RdR), Solidarność 80, National Christian Movement "Polish Action" (Akcja Polska), Freedom Party (PW), Upper Silesian Christian Democracy (GChD), Party of Polish Democracy (SDP), Polish Popular-Christian Forum "Patrimony" ("Ojcowizna") and the Patriotic Forum of Fighting Poland. History The Coalition was initially formed on 6 July 1993, after a failure of two-month long coalition talks between RdR and the Centre Agreement (PC), the original party of RdR chairman Jan Olszewski. A failed attempt at bringing the Polish People's Party - Peasants' Agreement (PSL-PL) into the coalition left it as the weakest of the three "center-right" coalitions (other ones being the Catholic Electoral Committee "Fatherland" (KKW or "Ojczyzna") and Centre Agreement – Polish Union (PC-ZP)) running in the 1993 Polish parliamentary election. Kd ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
