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Census (feudal Tax)
Census and censive are two terms related to the organization of the landed seigneury system, linked to the feudal system. The census is a fee (“''payer le cens''”), sometimes called “censive”; while censive was either a fee, or the land (often called tenure by historiography) on which the fee was levied (also known as “''terre censale''”), or the way of owning land (land held in censive, i.e. neither in fief nor in freehold). Definitions Census was owed by the owner of a productive piece of land (usually a peasant) to the owner (the lord, who in modern times is not necessarily a noble). Both the payer and the receiver of the census can be referred to as “censier”. If the peasant was a free man (villain), he paid nothing else to the lord. If he was a serf (common in the Middle Ages around the year 1000, less so in modern times), he needed to pay specific duties called chevage or chief census, mortmain (redemption of the right of transmission), etc. Census should ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Urbar Rijeka 1575 I Katastar Obitelj Draganic Pirovac 1750 (German: ''Urbar''), a medieval register of fief ownership, including the rights and benefits that the fief holder has over his serfs and peasants
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Urbar may refer to: Places in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany: *Urbar, Mayen-Koblenz *Urbar, Rhein-Hunsrück Nancy * Urbarium An urbarium (, English: ''urbarium'', also ''rental'' or ''rent-roll'', , , , ), is a register of fief ownership and includes the rights and benefits that the fief holder has over his serfs and peasants. It is an important economic and legal sourc ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Seignory
In English law, seignory or seigniory, spelled ''signiory'' in Early Modern English (; ; ), is the lordship (authority) remaining to a grantor after the grant of an estate in fee simple. '' Nulle terre sans seigneur'' ("No land without a lord") was a feudal legal maxim; where no other lord can be discovered, the Crown is lord as lord paramount. The principal incidents of a seignory were a feudal oath of homage and fealty; a "quit" or "chief" rent; a "relief" of one year's quit rent, and the right of escheat. In return for these privileges, the lord was liable to forfeit his rights if he neglected to protect and defend the tenant or did anything injurious to the feudal relation. Every seignory now existing must have been created before the statute ''Quia Emptores'' (1290), which forbade the future creation of estates in fee-simple by subinfeudation. The only seignories of any importance at present are the lordships of manors. They are regarded as incorporeal hereditaments, and ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Feudal Duties
Feudal duties were the set of reciprocal financial, military and legal obligations among the warrior nobility in a feudal system. Translated into English by Philip Grierson as ''Feudalism'', 1st ed., London, 1952. These duties developed in both Europe and Japan with the decentralisation of empire and due to lack of monetary liquidity, as groups of warriors took over the social, political, judicial, and economic spheres of the territory they controlled. While many feudal duties were based upon control of a parcel of land and its productive resources, even landless knights owed feudal duties such as direct military service in their lord's behest. Feudal duties were not uniform over time or across political boundaries, and in their later development also included duties from and to the peasant population, such as abergement. Feudal duties ran both ways, both up and down the feudal hierarchy; however, aside from distribution of land and maintenance of landless retainers, the main ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Land Terrier
A land terrier is a record system for an institution's land and property holdings. It differs from a land register in that it is maintained for the organisation's own needs and may not be publicly accessible. Typically, it consists of written records related to a map. Modern practice involves the use of Geographic Information Systems. In France the term "terrier" refers to feudal records associated with the Ancien Régime. See also *Manorial roll A manorial roll or court roll is the roll or record kept of the activities of a manorial court, in particular containing entries relating to the rents and holdings, deaths, alienations, and successions of the customary tenants or copyholders. Th ... * Urbarium * Census (feudal tax) References *R P Croom-Johnson and G F L Bridgman. Taylor on Evidence. Twelfth Edition. 1931. Section 622 at page 1772. *"Ancient terriers, maps, etc". Archbold Criminal Pleading, Evidence and Practice, 1999 Edition, paragraph 9–44 at pages 1095 to 1096 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Convention
The National Convention () was the constituent assembly of the Kingdom of France for one day and the French First Republic for its first three years during the French Revolution, following the two-year National Constituent Assembly and the one-year Legislative Assembly. Created after the great insurrection of 10 August 1792, it was the first French government organized as a republic, abandoning the monarchy altogether. The Convention sat as a single-chamber assembly from 20 September 1792 to 26 October 1795 (4 Brumaire IV under the Convention's adopted calendar). The Convention came about when the Legislative Assembly decreed the provisional suspension of King Louis XVI and the convocation of a National Convention to draw up a new constitution with no monarchy. The other major innovation was to decree that deputies to that Convention should be elected by all Frenchmen 21 years old or more, domiciled for a year and living by the product of their labor. The National Convent ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
National Constituent Assembly (France)
The National Constituent Assembly () was a constituent assembly in the Kingdom of France formed from the National Assembly (French Revolution), National Assembly on 9 July 1789 during the first stages of the French Revolution. It dissolved on 30 September 1791 and was succeeded by the Legislative Assembly (France), Legislative Assembly. Background Estates-General The Estates General of 1789, ''(Etats Généraux)'' made up of representatives of the three estates, which had not been convened since 1614, met on 5 May 1789. The Estates-General reached a deadlock in its deliberations by 6 May. The representatives of the Third Estate attempted to make the whole body more effective and so met separately from 11 May as the ''Communes''. On 12 June, the ''Communes'' invited the other Estates to join them: some members of the Estates of the realm#First Estate, First Estate did so the following day. On 17 June 1789, the ''Communes'' approved s:Motion of Abbé Sieyès, the motion made by Si ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chiefage
A chiefage, or chevage, according to Henry de Bracton, was a tribute by the head; or a kind of poll-money paid by those who held lands in villeinage, or otherwise, to their lords, in acknowledgement. The word seems also to have been used for a sum of money annually given to a man of power, for his patronage and protection, as to their chief. In the first sense, Edward Coke observed, there was still a kind of ''chevage'' subsisting in Wales during his time, called '' amabyr''; paid to the Prince of Wales for the marriage of his daughters; anciently by all, and in Coke's time, only by some. William Lambarde wrote it ''chivage''. Jewish people, when allowed to live in England, paid chevage, or poll-money; ''viz.'' three pence per person, paid at Easter. The word is formed from the French ''chef'', head. See also * John and William Merfold * Jack Cade * Peasants' Revolt The Peasants' Revolt, also named Wat Tyler's Rebellion or the Great Rising, was a major uprising across l ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Conscription
Conscription, also known as the draft in the United States and Israel, is the practice in which the compulsory enlistment in a national service, mainly a military service, is enforced by law. Conscription dates back to antiquity and it continues in some countries to the present day under various names. The modern system of near-universal national conscription for young men dates to the French Revolution in the 1790s, where it became the basis of a very large and powerful military. Most European nations later copied the system in peacetime, so that men at a certain age would serve 1 to 8 years on active duty and then transfer to the reserve force. Conscription is controversial for a range of reasons, including conscientious objection to military engagements on religious or philosophical grounds; political objection, for example to service for a disliked government or unpopular war; sexism, in that historically men have been subject to the draft in the most cases; and ideol ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dominium Directum Et Utile
is a legal Latin term used to refer to the two separate estates in land that a fief was split into under feudal land tenure. This system is more commonly known as ''duplex dominium'' or double domain. This can be contrasted with the modern Allodial title, allodial system, in which ownership is full and not divided into separate estates—a situation known as ''dominium plenum'' "full ownership". Definitions is composed of: *''Dominium directum'' (or eminent domain, superiority): the landlord's estate consisting of the right to dispose of property and to collect rents (feu-duty) and feudal incidents (fees, services, etc.) accruing from it. *''Dominium utile'' (or utile domain): the tenant's estate encompassing the rights to enjoy (use), make improvements to, or profit from property, and to keep the income or profit; includes e.g. the right to occupy and dwell on land and the right to keep the ''fructus naturales'' and emblements from agriculture. These terms are built from Latin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Priory
A priory is a monastery of men or women under religious vows that is headed by a prior or prioress. They were created by the Catholic Church. Priories may be monastic houses of monks or nuns (such as the Benedictines, the Cistercians, or the Charterhouses). Houses of canons & canonesses regular also use this term, the alternative being "canonry". Mendicant houses, of friars, nuns, or tertiary sisters (such as the Friars Preachers, Augustinian Hermits, and Carmelites) also exclusively use this term. In pre-Reformation England, if an abbey church was raised to cathedral status, the abbey became a cathedral priory. The bishop, in effect, took the place of the abbot, and the monastery itself was headed by a prior. History Priories first came to existence as subsidiaries to the Abbey of Cluny. Many new houses were formed that were all subservient to the abbey of Cluny and called Priories. As such, the priory came to represent the Benedictine ideals espoused by the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Ancien Régime
''Ancien'' may refer to * the French word for " ancient, old" ** Société des anciens textes français * the French for "former, senior" ** Virelai ancien ** Ancien Régime ** Ancien Régime in France {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
