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Catenates
The Catenates or Cattenates were a Gallic tribe dwelling between the Isar and Inn rivers during the Iron Age. Name They are mentioned as ''Catenates'' (var. ''catte-'') by Pliny (1st c. AD). Pliny. ''Naturalis Historia''3:20, s.v. ''Cat(t)enates''. The ethnic name probably contains the Gaulish stem ''catu''-, meaning 'battle'. Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel has proposed to interpret the name as *''Catu-(g)nat-es'' ('those born in battle'). Geography The Catenates lived between the Isar and Inn rivers. Their territory was located south of the Rucinates, east of the Vindelici, north of the Baiovarii The Baiuvarii or Bavarians (german: Bajuwaren) were a Germanic people. The Baiuvarii had settled modern-day Bavaria (which is named after them), Austria, and South Tyrol by the 6th century AD, and are considered the ancestors of modern-day Bava ...., Map 12: Mogontiacum-Reginum-Lauriacum. They were part of the Vindelici. History They are mentioned by Pliny the Elder a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Vindelici
The Vindelici (Gaulish: ) were a Gallic people dwelling around present-day Augsburg (Bavaria) during the Iron Age and the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as by Horace (1st c. BC), as (; var. ) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), as and (var. , , ) by Pliny (1st c. AD), Pliny. ''Naturalis Historia''3:20 as by Tacitus (early 2nd c. AD), and as and on inscriptions., s.v. ''Vindelici''. The ethnonym a latinized form of Gaulish (sing. ). It derives from the stem ('clear, white, bright'), probably after the name of an unattested river or . A hydronym is mentioned by Florus as an alternative name of the Soulgas ( Sorgue), in southeastern France. Alternatively, Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel has proposed to translate the name as 'those from the white rocks', by deriving the second element from Gaulish ('flat stone'). Geography The Vindelici lived on the Upper Bavarian-Upper Swabian plateau, probably also in Vorarlberg and Tyrol, in a land stretching from the southe ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Rucinates
The Rucinates (Gaulish: *''Rucinatis'') or Rucantii (Gaulish: *''Rucantioi'') were a Gallic tribe dwelling in near the confluence of the Isar and Danube rivers during the Roman period. Name They are mentioned as ''R̔oukántioi'' (Ῥουκάντιοι) by Strabo (early 1st c. AD), as ''Rucinates'' (var. ''irucina''-) by Pliny (1st c. AD),Pliny. ''Naturalis Historia''3:20 as ''R̔ounikátai'' (Ῥουνικάται) by Ptolemy (2nd c. AD), and as ''Rucinates'' on an inscription., s.v. ''Runicates''. The meaning of the name remains uncertain. It has been translated as 'the blushing (i.e. shameful or shaming) people', by connecting the first element to the Gaulish *''rucco''- ('shame, blush of shame'). Alternatively, Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel has proposed to derive the name from a form *''roukkina'' (cf. Welsh ''rhuchen'' 'jerkin, jacket, coat'), itself from *''roukka'' (cf. Welsh ''rhuch'' 'garment, cloak, mantle'). In this view, the variant ''R̔oukántioi'' handed down by S ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Tropaeum Alpium
The Tropaeum Alpium (Latin 'Trophy of the Alps', French: ''Trophée des Alpes''), is a Roman trophy (''tropaeum'') celebrating the emperor Augustus's decisive victory over the tribes who populated the Alps. The monument's ruins are in La Turbie (France), a few kilometers from the Principality of Monaco. Construction The Trophy was built c. 6 BC in honor of Augustus to celebrate his definitive victory over the 45 tribes who populated the Alps. The Alpine populations were defeated during the military campaign to subdue the Alps conducted by the Romans between 16 and 7 BC. The monument was built of stone from the Roman quarry located about 800 metres away, where traces of sections of carved columns are visible in the stone. The monument as partially restored is 35 meters high. When built, according to the architect, the base measured 35 meters in length, the first platform 12 meters in height, and the rotunda of 24 columns with its statue of an enthroned Augustus is 49 metres h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gauls
The Gauls ( la, Galli; grc, Γαλάται, ''Galátai'') were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD). Their homeland was known as Gaul (''Gallia''). They spoke Gaulish, a continental Celtic language. The Gauls emerged around the 5th century BC as bearers of La Tène culture north and west of the Alps. By the 4th century BC, they were spread over much of what is now France, Belgium, Switzerland, Southern Germany, Austria, and the Czech Republic, by virtue of controlling the trade routes along the river systems of the Rhône, Seine, Rhine, and Danube. They reached the peak of their power in the 3rd century BC. During the 4th and 3rd centuries BC, the Gauls expanded into Northern Italy ( Cisalpine Gaul), leading to the Roman–Gallic wars, and into the Balkans, leading to war with the Greeks. These latter Gauls eventually settled in Anatolia, becoming known as Galatians. After the en ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Isar
The Isar is a river in Tyrol, Austria, and Bavaria, Germany, which is not navigable for watercraft above raft size. Its source is in the Karwendel range of the Alps in Tyrol; it enters Germany near Mittenwald and flows through Bad Tölz, Munich, and Landshut before reaching the Danube near Deggendorf. At in length, it is the fourth largest river in Bavaria, after the Danube, Inn, and Main. It is Germany's second most important tributary of the Danube after the Inn. Etymology One theory is that the name ''Isar'' comes from the hypothetical Indo-European root ''*es'' or ''*is'', which generally meant "flowing water" and later turned into a word with a meaning narrowed to frozen water (hence English ''ice'', german: Eis) in Proto-Germanic; the name itself is mentioned for the first time in 763 as ''Isura''. An older theory is that it comes from Celtic words and the name ''Isar'' is a construction of the Celtic stems ''ys'' "fast, torrential" and ''ura'' "water, river" ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Inn (river)
, image = UnterinntalWest.JPG , image_caption = Lower Inn valley from Rattenberg castle , source1_location = Swiss Alps ( Lägh dal Lunghin) , source1_elevation = , source1_coordinates= , mouth_location = Danube (Passau) , mouth_elevation = , mouth_coordinates = , progression = , subdivision_type1 = Countries , subdivision_name1 = , subdivision_type2 = Cities , subdivision_name2 = , length = , discharge1_location= mouth , discharge1_avg = , basin_size = The Inn ( la, Aenus; rm, En) is a river in Switzerland, Austria and Germany. The river is long. It is a right tributary of the Danube and it is the third largest tributary of the Danube by discharge. The highest point of its drainage basin is the summit of Piz Bernina at . The Engadine, the valley of the En, is the only Swiss valley whose waters end up in the Black Sea (via the Danube). Etymology The name Inn is derived from the old Celtic words ''en'' and ''eni ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
La Tène Culture
The La Tène culture (; ) was a European Iron Age culture. It developed and flourished during the late Iron Age (from about 450 BC to the Roman conquest in the 1st century BC), succeeding the early Iron Age Hallstatt culture without any definite cultural break, under considerable Mediterranean influence from the Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul, the Etruscans, and the Golasecca culture, but whose artistic style nevertheless did not depend on those Mediterranean influences. La Tène culture's territorial extent corresponded to what is now France, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, England, Southern Germany, the Czech Republic, parts of Northern Italy and Central Italy, Slovenia and Hungary, as well as adjacent parts of the Netherlands, Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Transylvania (western Romania), and Transcarpathia (western Ukraine). The Celtiberians of western Iberia shared many aspects of the culture, though not generally the artistic style. To the north extended the contemporary P ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pliny The Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic '' Naturalis Historia'' (''Natural History''), which became an editorial model for encyclopedias. He spent most of his spare time studying, writing, and investigating natural and geographic phenomena in the field. His nephew, Pliny the Younger, wrote of him in a letter to the historian Tacitus: Among Pliny's greatest works was the twenty-volume work ''Bella Germaniae'' ("The History of the German Wars"), which is no longer extant. ''Bella Germaniae'', which began where Aufidius Bassus' ''Libri Belli Germanici'' ("The War with the Germans") left off, was used as a source by other prominent Roman historians, including Plutarch, Tacitus and Suetonius. Tacitus—who many scholars agree had never travelled in Germania—used ''Bella Germa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gaulish
Gaulish was an ancient Celtic language spoken in parts of Continental Europe before and during the period of the Roman Empire. In the narrow sense, Gaulish was the language of the Celts of Gaul (now France, Luxembourg, Belgium, most of Switzerland, Northern Italy, as well as the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine). In a wider sense, it also comprises varieties of Celtic that were spoken across much of central Europe (" Noric"), parts of the Balkans, and Anatolia (" Galatian"), which are thought to have been closely related. The more divergent Lepontic of Northern Italy has also sometimes been subsumed under Gaulish. Together with Lepontic and the Celtiberian spoken in the Iberian Peninsula, Gaulish helps form the geographic group of Continental Celtic languages. The precise linguistic relationships among them, as well as between them and the modern Insular Celtic languages, are uncertain and a matter of ongoing debate because of their sparse att ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Patrizia De Bernardo Stempel
Patrizia de Bernardo Stempel (born 5 April 1953) is an Italian philologist, linguist and scholar of Celtic studies. Biography Patrizia de Bernardo was born on 5 April 1953 in Milan, Italy, the daughter of Mario de Bernardo and Adriana Marra. She studied classics at the University of Milan, where she earned a PhD in 1977. Between 1977 and 1981, she worked as a research assistant at the Institute of Linguistics of the University of Bonn, then as a lecturer in Italian at the Romance Department until 1986. In 1984, she married the German linguist Reinhard Stempel. The following year, she earned a PhD ''summa cum laude'' in Celtic philology, Indo-European linguistics and Romance philology at the University of Bonn, with a dissertation on "The development of the Indo-European liquid and nasal sonants in Celtic".https://www.ehu.eus/documents/2300410/2456623/debernardostempel-webEstudiosClasicos.pdf/f7c63fd1-257d-4050-8659-ababed410b66?t=1404822885000 From 1987 to 1989, de Bernardo Stem ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Baiuvarii
The Baiuvarii or Bavarians (german: Bajuwaren) were a Germanic people. The Baiuvarii had settled modern-day Bavaria (which is named after them), Austria, and South Tyrol by the 6th century AD, and are considered the ancestors of modern-day Bavarians and Austrians. The Baiuvarii spoke the early Bavarian language. Name The name of the Baiuvarii is also spelled ''Baiuvari''. It probably means "men from Bohemia". The placename Bohemia is believed to be connected to that of the Boii, a Celtic people who left the region before the Roman era and were replaced by Germanic peoples. The Baiuvarii gave their name to the region of Bavaria. The name is first attested in Latin sources in the 6th century AD. In the ''Getica'' (551), Jordanes writes that a group of Suebes near the Danube were neighboured on the east by the ''Baibari''. In a poem about a pilgrimage to Augsburg in 565, Venantius Fortunatus writes that the Baiovarius lived in area around the river Lech called Baiuaria. L ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Historical Celtic Peoples
History (derived ) is the systematic study and the documentation of the human activity. The time period of event before the invention of writing systems is considered prehistory. "History" is an umbrella term comprising past events as well as the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events. Historians seek knowledge of the past using historical sources such as written documents, oral accounts, art and material artifacts, and ecological markers. History is not complete and still has debatable mysteries. History is also an academic discipline which uses narrative to describe, examine, question, and analyze past events, and investigate their patterns of cause and effect. Historians often debate which narrative best explains an event, as well as the significance of different causes and effects. Historians also debate the nature of history as an end in itself, as well as its usefulness to give perspective on the problems o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
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