|
Castalagin
Castalagin is an ellagitannin, a type of hydrolyzable tannin, found in oak and chestnut wood and in the stem barks of ''Anogeissus leiocarpus'' and '' Terminalia avicennoides''. Castalagin is the diastereomer of vescalagin in C-1 of the glycosidic chain. Castalagin/ vescalagin are the most abundant ellagitannins in white wine stored in oak barrels. During aging of wines, these two compounds were progressively extracted from the wood and were transformed into new derivatives by chemical reactions. Therefore, castalagin/ vescalagin and their derivatives contribute to the color and the taste of wines and spirits stored in oak barrels. Sources Castalagin was first isolated in Fagaceae family woody species : ''Quercus'' (oak) and ''Castanea'' (chestnut) by Walter Mayer and co-workers (1967). In some chestnut species, such as ''Castanea sativa'', heartwood could contain 63 mg of castalagin/ vescalagin per gram of dry wood. In some wines, these two isomers represent about 40 to 70 ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Grandinin
Grandinin is an ellagitannin. It can be found in '' Melaleuca quinquenervia'' leavesPolyphenols of Melaleuca quinquenervia leaves - pharmacological studies of grandinin. Moharram F. A., Marzouk M. S., El-Toumy S. A. A., Ahmed A. A. E. and Aboutabl E. A., Phytotherapy Research, Volume 17 Issue 7, Pages 767-773, and in oaks species like the North American white oak (''Quercus alba'') and European red oak (''Quercus robur''). It shows antioxydant activity. It is an astringent compound. It is also found in wine, red or white, aged in oak barrels. It is a castalagin glycoside, by binding of the pentose lyxose. It contains a nonahydroxytriphenic acid moiety. It suppresses the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor in human colon carcinoma Colorectal cancer (CRC), also known as bowel cancer, colon cancer, or rectal cancer, is the development of cancer from the colon or rectum (parts of the large intestine). Signs and symptoms may include blood in the sto ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Chestnut
The chestnuts are the deciduous trees and shrubs in the genus ''Castanea'', in the beech family Fagaceae. They are native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. The name also refers to the edible nuts they produce. The unrelated horse chestnuts (genus ''Aesculus'') are not true chestnuts, but are named for producing nuts of similar appearance that are mildly poisonous to humans. True chestnuts should also not be confused with water chestnuts, which are tubers of an aquatic herbaceous plant in the sedge family Cyperaceae. Other species commonly mistaken for chestnut trees are the chestnut oak (''Quercus prinus'') and the American beech ('' Fagus grandifolia''),Chestnut Tree in chestnuttree.net. both of which are also in the Fagaceae family. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nonahydroxytriphenoyl
Nonahydroxytriphenic acid is a moiety found in some ellagitannins such as roburin A, B,C and D, castalagin or grandinin Grandinin is an ellagitannin. It can be found in '' Melaleuca quinquenervia'' leavesPolyphenols of Melaleuca quinquenervia leaves - pharmacological studies of grandinin. Moharram F. A., Marzouk M. S., El-Toumy S. A. A., Ahmed A. A. E. and Aboutabl ....Roburin A, a dimeric ellagitannin from heartwood of Quercus robur. Hervé Du Penhoat, Michon V. M. F., Ohassan A., Shuyun Peng, Scalbert A. and Gage D., Phytochemistry, 1991, vol. 30, no 1, pages 329-332, References Ellagitannins Tricarboxylic acids {{aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Pedunculagin
Pedunculagin is an ellagitannin. It is formed from casuarictin via the loss of a gallate group. Natural occurrence Pedunculagin is found in plants in orders in the clade Rosidae. It can be found the pericarp of pomegranates (''Punica granatum''), in the family Lythraceae, in the order Myrtales. It is also found in plants in the order Fagales such as walnuts (''Juglans regia'') in the family Juglandaceae, in '' Alnus sieboldiana'' and in the Manchurian alder ('' Alnus hirsuta var. microphylla''), both species in the family Betulaceae and it is one of the main oak wood ellagitannins along with castalagin, vescalagin, grandinin and roburins A-E (genus ''Quercus'', in the family Fagaceae). It is also found in the Indian gooseberry (''Phyllanthus emblica''), a plant in the family Phyllanthaceae, in the order Malpighiales. Galloyl pedunculagin can be found in ''Platycarya strobilacea''. Research Pedunculagin is a highly active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ''in vitro''. Chemistr ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Casuarictin
Casuarictin is an ellagitannin, a type of hydrolysable tannin. It can be found in '' Casuarina'' and '' Stachyurus'' species.Tannins of Casuarina and Stachyurus species. I: Structures of pendunculagin, casuarictin, strictinin, casuarinin, casuariin, and stachyurin. Okuda T., Yoshida T., Ashida M. and Yazaki K., Journal of the Chemical Society, 1983, number 8, pages 1765-1772, It is formed from two hexahydroxydiphenic acid units and one gallic acid unit linked to a glucose molecule. The molecule is formed from tellimagrandin II, itself formed from pentagalloyl glucose Pentagalloyl glucose may refer to: * 1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloyl-glucose 1,2,3,4,6-Pentagalloylglucose is the pentagallic acid ester of glucose. It is a gallotannin and the precursor of ellagitannins. Pentagalloyl glucose can precipitate proteins, incl ... via oxidation. Casuarictin is transformed into pedunculagin via loss of a gallate group, and further into castalagin via glucose pyranose ring opening. Oligomers ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Casuarinin
Casuarinin is an ellagitannin. It is found in the pericarp of pomegranates (''Punica granatum''). It is also found in ''Casuarina'' and '' Stachyurus'' species and in '' Alnus sieboldiana''. It is an isomer of casuarictin. It is a highly active carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. Biosynthesis In some plants including oak and chestnut, the ellagitannins are formed from 1,2,3,4,6-pentagalloyl-glucose and further elaborated via oxidative dehydrogenation ( tellimagrandin II and casuarictin formations). After conversion of casuarictin to pedunculagin, the pyranose ring of the glucose opens and the family of compounds including casuariin, casuarinin, castalagin Castalagin is an ellagitannin, a type of hydrolyzable tannin, found in oak and chestnut wood and in the stem barks of ''Anogeissus leiocarpus'' and '' Terminalia avicennoides''. Castalagin is the diastereomer of vescalagin in C-1 of the glycosidi ..., and castlin, vescalagin and vescalin forms. [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anthocyanins (wine)
The phenolic content in wine refers to the phenolic compounds—natural phenol and polyphenols—in wine, which include a large group of several hundred chemical compounds that affect the taste, color and mouthfeel of wine. These compounds include phenolic acids, stilbenoids, flavonols, dihydroflavonols, anthocyanins, flavanol monomers (catechins) and flavanol polymers (proanthocyanidins). This large group of natural phenols can be broadly separated into two categories, flavonoids and non-flavonoids. Flavonoids include the anthocyanins and tannins which contribute to the color and mouthfeel of the wine. The non-flavonoids include the stilbenoids such as resveratrol and phenolic acids such as benzoic, caffeic and cinnamic acids. Origin of the phenolic compounds The natural phenols are not evenly distributed within the fruit. Phenolic acids are largely present in the pulp, anthocyanins and stilbenoids in the skin, and other phenols (catechins, proanthocyanidins and flavonols) in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Anogeissus Leiocarpus
''Anogeissus leiocarpa'' (African birch; bm, ngálǎma) is a tall deciduous tree native to the savannas of tropical Africa. It is the sole West African species of the genus ''Anogeissus'', a genus otherwise distributed from tropical central and east Africa through tropical Southeast Asia. ''Anogeissus leiocarpa'' germinates in the new soils produced by seasonal wetlands. It is a forest fringe plant, growing at the edges of the rainforest, although not deep in the rainforest. It also grows in savanna, and along riverbanks, where it forms gallery forests. The tree flowers in the rainy season, from June to October. The fruit are winged samaras, and are dispersed by ants. Ethnobotany It is one of the plants used to make ''bògòlanfini'', a traditional Malian mudcloth. Small branches with leaves are crushed to make one of the yellow dyes. The inner bark of the tree is used as a human and livestock anthelmintic for treating worms, and for treatment of a few protozoan di ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Flavonoid
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans. Chemically, flavonoids have the general structure of a 15-carbon skeleton, which consists of two phenyl rings (A and B) and a Heterocyclic compound, heterocyclic ring (C, the ring containing the embedded oxygen). This carbon structure can be abbreviated C6-C3-C6. According to the IUPAC nomenclature, they can be classified into: *flavonoids or bioflavonoids *isoflavonoids, derived from 3-phenylchromone, chromen-4-one (3-phenyl-1,4-benzopyran, benzopyrone) structure *neoflavonoids, derived from 4-phenylcoumarine (4-phenyl-1,2-benzopyran, benzopyrone) structure The three flavonoid classes above are all ketone-containing compounds and as such, anthoxanthins (flavones and flavonols). This class was the first to be termed bioflavonoids. The terms flavonoid and bioflav ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Galloyl
Gallic acid (also known as 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid) is a trihydroxybenzoic acid with the formula C6 H2( OH)3CO2H. It is classified as a phenolic acid. It is found in gallnuts, sumac, witch hazel, tea leaves, oak bark, and other plants. It is a white solid, although samples are typically brown owing to partial oxidation. Salts and esters of gallic acid are termed "gallates". Isolation and derivatives Gallic acid is easily freed from gallotannins by acidic or alkaline hydrolysis. When heated with concentrated sulfuric acid, gallic acid converts to rufigallol. Hydrolyzable tannins break down on hydrolysis to give gallic acid and glucose or ellagic acid and glucose, known as gallotannins and ellagitannins, respectively. Biosynthesis Gallic acid is formed from 3-dehydroshikimate by the action of the enzyme shikimate dehydrogenase to produce 3,5-didehydroshikimate. This latter compound aromatizes. Reactions Oxidation and oxidative coupling Alkaline solutions of gall ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roburin A
Roburin A is a tannin found in oak wood (''Quercus robur'' and ''Quercus petraea'' or ''Quercus alba'') or oak cork (''Quercus suber''). It is a dimeric compound, composed of two vescalagin subunits probably linked through an ether bond between the diphenoyl group (hexahydroxydiphenic acid or HHDP) of one subunit and the triphenoyl moiety (nonahydroxytriphenic acid Nonahydroxytriphenic acid is a moiety found in some ellagitannins such as roburin A, B,C and D, castalagin or grandinin Grandinin is an ellagitannin. It can be found in ''Melaleuca quinquenervia'' leavesPolyphenols of Melaleuca quinquenervia le ...) of the other one. References Ellagitannins Tannin dimers {{aromatic-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
