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Case Variants Of IPA Letters
With the adoption of letters from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) in various national alphabets, letter case forms have been developed. This usually means capital (uppercase) forms were developed, but in the case of the glottal stop , both uppercase and lowercase are used. The adoption of IPA letters has been particularly notable in Sub-Saharan Africa, in languages such as Hausa, Fula, Akan, Gbe languages, Manding languages, and Lingala. The most common are open o , open e , and eng , but several others are found. Kabiyé of northern Togo, for example, has (or ), as in this newspaper headline: : ''MBƱ AJƐYA KIGBƐNDƱƱ ŊGBƐYƐ KEDIƔZAƔ SƆSƆƆ TƆM SE.'' Some of the IPA letters that were adopted into language orthographies have since become obsolete in the IPA itself. Chart Following are IPA letters and their capital forms. A few of these capitals have lowercase forms that are either a variant of or distinct from the IPA letter. Others letters a ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Everson IPA Caps
Everson may refer to: People with the surname * Ben Everson (born 1987), English footballer * Bill Everson (1906–1966), Welsh international rugby union player * Cliff Everson, a New Zealand car designer and manufacturer * Corinna Everson (born 1958), American female bodybuilder * Cromwell Everson (1925–1991), Afrikaans and South African composer * Everson aircraft, pioneer New Zealand aircraft design company * Mark Everson (born 1954), American Commissioner of Internal Revenue * Michael Everson (born 1963), or his Unicode font Everson Mono * William Everson (poet) (1912–1994), American poet and small press printer * William Everson (Wisconsin politician) (1841–1928), an American politician People with the given name * Everson Griffen (born 1987), an American football player * Everson Pereira da Silva (born 1975), also known as simply Everson, Brazilian footballer * Éverson Felipe Marques Pires (born 1990), Brazilian footballer * Everson (footballer, born 1997), Brazilian f ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Togo
Togo, officially the Togolese Republic, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to Ghana–Togo border, the west, Benin to Benin–Togo border, the east and Burkina Faso to Burkina Faso–Togo border, the north. It is one of the least developed countries and extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its capital city, capital, Lomé, is located. It is a small, tropical country, spanning with a population of approximately 8 million, and it has a width of less than between Ghana and its eastern neighbour Benin. Various peoples settled the boundaries of present-day Togo between the 11th and 16th centuries. Between the 16th and 18th centuries, the coastal region served primarily as a Atlantic slave trade, European slave trading outpost, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast of West Africa, Slave Coast". In 1884, during the scramble for Africa, German Empire, Germany established a protectorate in the region called Togoland. After World War I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
R With Tail
Ɽ, ɽ is a letter of the Latin alphabet, derived from R with the addition of a tail. Its capital form may be based on either the uppercase or lowercase R. Unicode The lowercase (ɽ) was added to Unicode since Unicode 1.0 while the uppercase (Ɽ) has only been added since Unicode 5.0. The uppercase and lowercase codepoints are U+2C64 and U+027D, respectively. Usage is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a retroflex flap. Ɽ is also used in the alphabets of several Sudanese languages, including Heiban, Koalib, Moro and Otoro. It is placed after R in alphabetical order Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in the conventional ordering of an alphabet. It is one of the methods of collation. In mathematics, a lexicographical order is .... References Latin-script letters Phonetic transcription symbols {{Latin-script-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
M With Hook
M, or m, is the thirteenth Letter (alphabet), letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the English alphabet, modern English alphabet, the alphabets of several Languages of Europe, western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is English alphabet#Letter names, ''em'' (pronounced ), plural ''ems''. History The letter M is derived from the Phoenician alphabet, Phoenician Mem via the Greek alphabet, Greek Mu (letter), Mu (Μ, μ). Semitic alphabets, Semitic Mem is most likely derived from a "Proto-Sinaitic script, Proto-Sinaitic" (Bronze Age) adoption of the N-water ripple (n hieroglyph), "water" ideogram in Egyptian hieroglyphs, Egyptian writing. The Egyptian sign had the acrophonic value , from the Egyptian word for "water", ''nt''; the adoption as the Semitic letter for was presumably also on acrophonic grounds, from the Semitic languages, Semitic word for "water", '':wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Semitic/maʾ-, *mā(y)-''. Use in writing systems En ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
ISO 6438
ISO 6438:1983, ''Documentation — African coded character set for bibliographic information interchange'', is an ISO standard for an 8-bit character encoding for African languages. Developed separately from the African reference alphabet but apparently based on the same data sets, it has had little use; its forms are retained in Unicode. FreeDOS calls this Code Page 65504. Character set * Prior to Unicode 7.0, mapped to .Prior to Unicode 8.0, mapped to . See also * Africa Alphabet *African Reference Alphabet The African Reference Alphabet is a largely defunct continent-wide guideline for the creation of Latin alphabets for African languages. Two variants of the initial proposal (one in English and a second in French) were made at a 1978 UNESCO-organi ... * Dinka alphabet * Pan-Nigerian alphabet * Lepsius Standard Alphabet References External links"Coded Character Set for African Languages" (June 15, 1979)ISO 6438:1983 "Documentation -- African coded character set for ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Turned H
Turned H (uppercase: Ɥ, lowercase: ɥ) is an additional letter of the Latin alphabet, based on a turned form of H. It is used in the Dan language in Liberia. Its lowercase form is used in the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent the voiced labial–palatal approximant. It was also historically used in the Abaza, Abkhaz, and the Vassali Maltese alphabet. Usage An early usage of turned h appeared in Benjamin Franklin's phonetic alphabet where it represented During Latinisation, the letter would appear in the Abaza Latin alphabet of 1932 where it denoted the sound ͡ɕ and in the Abkhaz Latin alphabet of 1924 where it denoted the sound ͡ʃʰ The letter also appeared in the Vassalli Maltese alphabet, and the Metelko alphabet for Slovene, where it stood for the sound ͡ʃ In the Metelko alphabet, Maltese, Abaza, and Abkhaz languages, the letter had a capital form Ч, identical to the Cyrillic letter Che. This letter was also used in the first version o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Nawdm Language
Nawdm is a Gur language of Togo and Ghana. There are approximately 190,000 speakers in Togo and 8,000 in Ghana. Nawdm in Ghana Nawdm is spoken in the Greater Accra Region and the Oti Region. It is known by several names including "loso" (or "losu"), and "nawdm" (sometimes spelled "naoudem" or "nawdam"). The first of these terms is improper and ambiguous. It is given by other language groups to refer to the Lamba (those who do not speak Nawdm) and the Nawdba (those who speak Nawdm). Nawdm In Togo It is spoken in the Doufelgou Prefecture which is located in the Kara Region. Region—more precisely in the cantons of Togo Niamtougou, Koka, Baga, Ténéga and Siou. Nawdm is also spoken in the villages of Bogawaré and Kawa-Bas in the canton of Pouda, and in the village of Koré-Nata in the canton of Massédéna, still in the prefecture of Doufelgou. Historically, the latter are the descendants of the village of Banaa, formerly located roughly equidistant from Koka, Ténéga an ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
G With Hook
G with hook (majuscule: Ɠ, minuscule: ɠ) is a letter of the extended Latin alphabet. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, its small caps form () represents the voiced uvular implosive and its lowercase form represents the voiced velar implosive. Because it occurs in the orthographies of some African languages, including some unofficial orthographies of Fula, it is included in the African reference alphabet. Unicode In Unicode, the majuscule Ɠ is encoded in the Latin Extended-B block at and the minuscule Letter case is the distinction between the letters that are in larger uppercase or capitals (more formally ''majuscule'') and smaller lowercase (more formally '' minuscule'') in the written representation of certain languages. The writing system ... ɠ is encoded at . See also * Writing systems of Africa (section on Latin script) * Ɓ * Ɗ References Phonetic transcription symbols Latin letters with diacritics {{Latin-script-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Michael Everson
Michael Everson (born January 1963) is an American and Irish linguistics, linguist, Character encoding, script encoder, typesetting, typesetter, type designer and Publishing, publisher. He runs a publishing company called Evertype, through which he has published over one hundred books since 2006. His central area of expertise is with writing systems of the world, specifically in the representation of these systems in formats for computer and digital media. In 2003 Rick McGowan said he was "probably the world's leading expert in the computer encoding of scripts" for his work to add a wide variety of Writing systems, scripts and Character (computing), characters to the Universal Character Set. Since 1993, he has written over two hundred proposals which have added thousands of characters to ISO/IEC 10646 and the Unicode standard; as of 2003, he was credited as the leading contributor of Unicode proposals. Life Everson was born in Norristown, Pennsylvania, and moved to Tucson, Ariz ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin Beta
Latin ( or ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally spoken by the Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio), the lower Tiber area around Rome, Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic, it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire. It has greatly influenced many languages, including English, having contributed many words to the English lexicon, particularly after the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest. Latin roots appear frequently in the technical vocabulary used by fields such as theology, the sciences, medicine, and law. By the late Roman Republic, Old Latin had evolved into standardized Classical Latin. Vulgar Latin refers to the less prestigious colloquial registers, attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of the comic playwrights Plautus and Terence and the author Petronius. While often c ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Latin Alpha
Latin alpha (majuscule: Ɑ, minuscule: ɑ), script a, or single-story a is a letter of the Latin alphabet based on a handwritten form of lowercase a, and which is commonly typeset with the Greek lowercase alpha (α). Usage Although is normally just an allograph of , there are instances in which the two letters are distinguished: * In the International Phonetic Alphabet, represents an open back unrounded vowel, while represents an open front unrounded vowel. It has the shape of a script-a. * Also in the General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages, usually represents an open back unrounded vowel, while represents an open front unrounded vowel. The former is used in the orthographies of several languages of Cameroon, including: ** Feʼfeʼ ** Mbembe ** Mbo (?): but not Akoose, though it does have phonemes /aa/ and /ɑɑ/; nor Bakaka. ** in some languages, the script-a form (also called literacy form) of the letter , with the lowercase much like the IPA , is used and should n ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Obsolete And Nonstandard Symbols In The International Phonetic Alphabet
The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) possesses a variety of obsolete and nonstandard symbols. Throughout the history of the IPA, characters representing phonetic values have been modified or completely replaced. An example is for standard . Several symbols indicating secondary articulation have been dropped altogether, with the idea that they should be indicated with diacritics: for is one. In addition, the rare voiceless implosive series has been dropped. Other characters have been added in for specific phonemes which do not possess a specific symbol in the IPA. Those studying modern Chinese phonology have used to represent the sound of ''-i'' in Pinyin ''hanzi'' which has been variously described as , , or . (See the sections Standard Chinese phonology#Vowels, ''Vowels'' and Standard Chinese phonology#Syllabic consonants, ''Syllabic consonants'' of the article Standard Chinese phonology.) There are also unsupported symbols from local traditions that find their way ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
