Capitulation Montreal

	Capitulation Montreal Capitulation may have the following special meanings. Capitulation (surrender) Stock market capitulation Capitulation (treaty) *Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire Capitulation (algebra) Conclave capitulation Electoral capitulation {{disambig ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
picture info	Capitulation (surrender) Capitulation (, a little head or division; ''capitulare'', to treat upon terms) is an agreement in time of war for the surrender (military), surrender to a hostile armed force of a particular body of troops, a town or a territory. It is an ordinary incident of war, and therefore no previous instructions from the captors' government are required before finally settling the conditions of capitulation. The most usual of such conditions are freedom of religion and security of private property on one hand, and a promise not to bear arms within a certain period on the other. Such agreements may be rashly concluded with an inferior officer, on whose authority the enemy are not, in the actual position of the war, entitled to place reliance. When an agreement is made by an officer who has not the proper authority or who has exceeded the limits of his authority, it is termed a "sponsion", and, to be binding, must be confirmed by express or tacit ratification. Article 35 of the Hague ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
picture info	Stock Market Capitulation Stocks (also capital stock, or sometimes interchangeably, shares) consist of all the shares by which ownership of a corporation or company is divided. A single share of the stock means fractional ownership of the corporation in proportion to the total number of shares. This typically entitles the shareholder (stockholder) to that fraction of the company's earnings, proceeds from liquidation of assets (after discharge of all senior claims such as secured and unsecured debt), or voting power, often dividing these up in proportion to the number of like shares each stockholder owns. Not all stock is necessarily equal, as certain classes of stock may be issued, for example, without voting rights, with enhanced voting rights, or with a certain priority to receive profits or liquidation proceeds before or after other classes of shareholders. Stock can be bought and sold privately or on stock exchanges. Transactions of the former are closely overseen by governments and regulatory ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
picture info	Capitulation (treaty) A capitulation is a treaty or unilateral contract by which a sovereign state relinquishes jurisdiction within its borders over the subjects of a foreign state. As a result, the foreign subjects are immune, for most civil and criminal purposes, from actions by courts and other governmental institutions in the state that makes the capitulation. The term ''capitulation'' is derived from the Latin word ''caput''. Historical examples Medieval capitulations In the Ottoman Empire, arrangements termed Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, capitulations, and treaties confirmatory of them were made between the Ottoman Porte, Sublime Porte and other states by which Resident alien, foreigners resident in the Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire, territories of the Ottoman Empire were subjected to the laws of their respective countries. In the 9th century CE, the Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, Hārūn al-Rashīd granted guarantees and commercial facilities to ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
picture info	Capitulations Of The Ottoman Empire Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire were contracts between the Ottoman Empire and several other Christian powers, particularly France. Turkish capitulations, or Ahidnâmes were generally bilateral acts whereby definite arrangements were entered into by each contracting party towards the other, not mere concessions. The Turkish capitulations were grants made by successive sultans to Christian nations, conferring rights and privileges in favour of their subjects resident or trading in the Ottoman dominions, following the policy towards European states of the Byzantine Empire. According to these capitulations traders entering the Ottoman Empire were exempt from local prosecution, local taxation, local conscription, and the searching of their domicile. The capitulations were initially made during the Ottoman Empire's military dominance, to entice and encourage commercial exchange with Western merchants. However, after military dominance shifted to Europe, significant economic ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
picture info	Capitulation (algebra) In the mathematical field of algebraic number theory, the concept of principalization refers to a situation when, given an extension of algebraic number fields, some ideal (or more generally fractional ideal) of the ring of integers of the smaller field isn't principal but its extension to the ring of integers of the larger field is. Its study has origins in the work of Ernst Kummer on ideal numbers from the 1840s, who in particular proved that for every algebraic number field there exists an extension number field such that all ideals of the ring of integers of the base field (which can always be generated by at most two elements) become principal when extended to the larger field. In 1897 David Hilbert conjectured that the maximal abelian unramified extension of the base field, which was later called the Hilbert class field of the given base field, is such an extension. This conjecture, now known as principal ideal theorem, was proved by Philipp Furtwängler in 1930 after it had ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]
picture info	Conclave Capitulation A conclave capitulation was a compact or unilateral contract drawn up by the College of Cardinals during a papal conclave to constrain the actions of the pope elected by the conclave. The legal term '' capitulation'' more frequently refers to the commitment of a sovereign state to relinquish jurisdiction within its borders over the subjects of a foreign state. Before balloting began, all cardinals present at the conclave would swear to be bound by its provisions if elected pope. Capitulations were used by the College of Cardinals to assert its collective authority and limit papal supremacy, to "make the Church an oligarchy instead of a monarchy." Similar electoral capitulations were used on occasion from the 14th to the 17th centuries in Northern and Central Europe to constrain an elected king, emperor, prince, or bishop. History The College had made informal attempts to influence the actions of popes before drafting formal capitulations. The first capitulation was drafted in the ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] [Amazon]