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Cape Mangkalihat
Cape Mangkalihat, also known as Cape Sangkulirang, is a cape in eastern Borneo. It is located in the Indonesian province of East Kalimantan, in the regencies of Berau (in the north) and East Kutai (in the south). The cape, as part of the Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst, is notable for its rock art, dating to between 35,000 and 40,000 years ago. Geography Cape Mangkalihat separates the Celebes Sea in the north from the Makassar Strait Makassar Strait () is a strait between the islands of Borneo and Sulawesi in Indonesia. To the north it joins the Celebes Sea, while to the south it meets the Java Sea. To the northeast, it forms the Sangkulirang Bay south of the Mangkalihat P ... in the south. It lies north of the Kutai Basin, and is separated from it by the Karangan River. The town of Benua Baru (in the district of Sangkulirang) lies at the base of the peninsula, and the northeastern Makassar Strait forms the Sangkulirang Bay in its south. References Berau Regency Ea ...
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South East Asia
Southeast Asia is the geographical United Nations geoscheme for Asia#South-eastern Asia, southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Mainland Australia, Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania. Southeast Asia is bordered to the north by East Asia, to the west by South Asia and the Bay of Bengal, to the east by Oceania and the Pacific Ocean, and to the south by Australia (continent), Australia and the Indian Ocean. Apart from the British Indian Ocean Territory and two out of Atolls of the Maldives, 26 atolls of the Maldives in South Asia, Maritime Southeast Asia is the only other subregion of Asia that lies partly within the Southern Hemisphere. Mainland Southeast Asia is entirely in the Northern Hemisphere. Timor-Leste and the southern portion of Indonesia are the parts of Southeast Asia that lie south of the equator. The region lies near the intersection of Plate tectonics, ...
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Indonesian
Indonesian is anything of, from, or related to Indonesia, an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. It may refer to: * Indonesians, citizens of Indonesia ** Native Indonesians, diverse groups of local inhabitants of the archipelago ** Indonesian women, overview of women's history and contemporary situations * Indonesian language (Indonesian: ''Bahasa Indonesia''), the official language of Indonesia ** Languages of Indonesia, Indonesian languages, overview of some of the 700 languages spoken in Indonesia ** Indonesian names, customs reflecting the multicultural and polyglot nature of Indonesia * Indonesian culture, a complex of indigenous customs and foreign influences ** Indonesian art, various artistic expressions and artworks in the archipelago ** Indonesian cinema, a struggling and developing industry ** Indonesian literature, literature from Indonesia and Southeast Asia with shared language roots ** Indonesian music, hundreds of forms of traditional and contemporary music ** ...
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Cape (geography)
In geography, a cape is a headland, peninsula or promontory extending into a body of water, usually a sea. A cape usually represents a marked change in trend of the Coast, coastline, often making them important landmarks in sea navigation. This also makes them prone to natural forms of erosion, mainly tidal actions, resulting in a relatively short geological lifespan. Formation Capes can be formed by Glacier, glaciers, Volcano, volcanoes, and changes in sea level. Erosion plays a large role in each of these methods of formation. Coastal erosion by waves and currents can create capes by wearing away softer rock and leaving behind harder rock formations. Movements of the Earth's crust can uplift land, forming capes. For example, the Cape of Good Hope was formed by tectonic forces. Volcanic eruptions can create capes by depositing lava that solidifies into new landforms. Cape Verde, (also known as Cabo Verde) is an example of a volcanic cape. Glaciers can carve out capes by erod ...
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Indonesia
Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian Ocean, Indian and Pacific Ocean, Pacific oceans. Comprising over List of islands of Indonesia, 17,000 islands, including Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi, and parts of Borneo and New Guinea, Indonesia is the world's largest archipelagic state and the List of countries and dependencies by area, 14th-largest country by area, at . With over 280 million people, Indonesia is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, fourth-most-populous country and the most populous Islam by country, Muslim-majority country. Java, the world's List of islands by population, most populous island, is home to more than half of the country's population. Indonesia operates as a Presidential system, presidential republic with an elected People's Consultative Assembly, legislature and consists of Provinces of Indonesia, 38 provinces, nine of which have Autonomous administrative divisi ...
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East Kalimantan
East Kalimantan (Indonesian language, Indonesian: ) is a Provinces of Indonesia, province of Indonesia. Its territory comprises the eastern portion of Borneo/Kalimantan. It had a population of about 3.03 million at the 2010 census (within the current boundary),Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. 3.42 million at the 2015 census, and 3.766 million at the 2020 census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2023 was 4,030,488.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, ''Provinsi Kalimantan Timur Dalam Angka 2024'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.64) Its capital is the city of Samarinda, the most populous city in the entire Borneo. East Kalimantan has a total area of and is the third Provinces of Indonesia, least densely populated province in Kalimantan (after North Kalimantan and Central Kalimantan). The majority of the region shares a maritime border to the east with West Sulawesi and Central Sulawesi; its Cape Mangkalihat separates the Makassar Strait fr ...
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Berau Regency
Berau Regency (, Berau: ''Barrau'') is the most northern of the seven regencies in East Kalimantan province in Indonesia. The capital is the town of Tanjung Redeb. The regency has an area of 36,962.37 km2 and had a population of 179,079 at the 2010 censusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 248,035 at the 2020 census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 299,005 (comprising 158,927 males and 140,078 females).Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kabupaten Berau Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.6405) Berau was formerly the name of a local sultanate that existed during the Dutch colonial period. In the early 19th century, it was divided into two separate sultanates: ''Gunung Tabur'' and ''Sambaliung''. Administrative districts Berau Regency is divided into thirteen districts (''kecamatan''), tabulated below with their areas and their populations at the 2010 censusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and th ...
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East Kutai Regency
East Kutai Regency () is a regency of East Kalimantan province, Indonesia. It has an area of 31,239.84 km2 and had a population of 253,904 at the 2010 censusBiro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. and 434,459 at the 2020 census;Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. the official estimate as at mid 2024 was 448,850 people (comprising 240,268 males and 208,582 females),Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kabupaten Kutai Timur Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.6404) a decrease from 455,504 in mid 2023.Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2025, ''Kabupaten Kutai Timur Dalam Angka 2025'' (Katalog-BPS 1102001.6404) The town of Sangatta is the capital of the regency. There are several coal mining companies with concessions around this regency, including Kaltim Prima Coal, one of the largest coal mining companies in Indonesia. The regency also contains one of the largest coal mines in Asia - the East Kutai coal mine. East Kutai is home to the world's oldes ...
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Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst
The Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat Karst is a karstique area in Sub Kelay, Biatan, Talisayan, Batu Putih, and Biduk-biduk Berau districts of East Kalimantan province on the island of Borneo in Indonesia. It covers an area of 105,000 hectares, including the Mangkalihat Peninsula. In May 2015, it has been nominated for inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage Site list. The cave paintings within the caves in the Sangkulirang-Mangkalihat karsts was suggested to be a Geopark in April 2017. The paintings were researched extensively by Indonesia's Heritage Preservation Hall (BPCB) for its preservation. The closest major airport to the geopark is Samarinda International Airport. Flora and fauna The area is upstream of five major rivers in Berau and East Kutai, namely Tabalar River, Lesan River, Pesab River, Bengalon River and Karangan River. There is existence of ancient relics, among others, caves, palms, bones and teeth of ancient creatures. According to the results of a 2004 biological e ...
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Rock Art
In archaeology, rock arts are human-made markings placed on natural surfaces, typically vertical stone surfaces. A high proportion of surviving historic and prehistoric rock art is found in caves or partly enclosed rock shelters; this type also may be called cave art or parietal art. A global phenomenon, rock art is found in many culturally diverse regions of the world. It has been produced in many contexts throughout human history. In terms of technique, the four main groups are: * cave paintings, * petroglyphs, which are carved or scratched into the rock surface, * sculpted rock reliefs, and * geoglyphs, which are formed on the ground. The oldest known rock art dates from the Upper Palaeolithic period, having been found in Europe, Australia, Asia, and Africa. Anthropologists studying these artworks believe that they likely had magico-religious significance. The archaeological sub-discipline of rock art studies first developed in the late-19th century among Francophone schola ...
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Celebes Sea
The Celebes Sea ( ; ) or Sulawesi Sea (; ) of the western Pacific Ocean is bordered on the north by the Sulu Archipelago and Sulu Sea and Mindanao Island of the Philippines, on the east by the Sangihe Islands chain, on the south by Sulawesi's Minahasa Peninsula, and the west by northern Kalimantan in Indonesia. It extends 420 miles (675 km) north-south by east-west and has a total surface area of , to a maximum depth of . South of the Cape Mangkalihat, the sea opens southwest through the Makassar Strait into the Java Sea. The Celebes Sea is a piece of an ancient ocean basin that formed 42 million years ago in a locale removed from any landmass. By 20 million years ago, the earth's crust movement had moved the basin close enough to the Indonesian and Philippine volcanoes to receive emitted debris. By 10 million years ago the Celebes Sea was inundated with continental debris, including coal, which was shed from a growing young mountain on Borneo and the basin had ...
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Makassar Strait
Makassar Strait () is a strait between the islands of Borneo and Sulawesi in Indonesia. To the north it joins the Celebes Sea, while to the south it meets the Java Sea. To the northeast, it forms the Sangkulirang Bay south of the Mangkalihat Peninsula. The strait is an important regional shipping route in Southeast Asia. The Mahakam River and Karangan River of Borneo empty into the strait. Ports along the strait include Balikpapan and Bontang in Borneo, and Makassar, Palu, and Parepare in Sulawesi. The city of Samarinda is 48 km (30 mi) from the strait, along the Mahakam. Extent The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) defines the Makassar Strait as being one of the waters of the East Indian Archipelago. The IHO defines its limits as follows: The channel between the East coast of Borneo and the West coast of Celebes [Sulawesi], is bounded: ''On the North.'' By a line joining Mangkalihat Peninsula, Tanjong Mangkalihat, Borneo () and Stroomen Kaap (T ...
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