Cao Zongshou
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Cao Zongshou
Cao Zongshou (Chinese: 曹宗寿)(unknown - d. 1014) was the seventh governor (jiedushi - 曹宗寿) of the Guiyi Circuit, whose jurisdiction famously included Dunhuang, during the Song dynasty.『 宋史』「真宗紀」 His earliest recorded presence was in a banner depicting Guanyin, currently held by the Harvard Art Museum created in 985. There, he is dedicating the work to the late monk Yuanman, who resided over in the Mogao Caves. According to the History of Song, he is the nephew of his predecessor, Cao Yanlu (曹延祿), where at the time, he held the position of ''quanzhi liuhou'' (deputy commander). In the year 1002, he rebelled against his uncle, resulting in Cao Yuanlu and Yuanlu's brother, Cao Yanrui (曹延瑞) committing suicide. With approval of Emperor Zhenzong, he inherited the title of ''jiedushi'' of the Guiyi Circuit, with his younger brother, Cao Zongyun occupying his previous position as ''quanzhi liuhou.'' Meanwhile his son, Cao Xianshun (曹賢順) took ...
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Fogg Banner - Cao Zongshou
Fogg may refer to: * Fogg (surname), including a list of people with the name * Fogg Art Museum, at Harvard University * Fogg Dam in Humpty Doo, Northern Territory, Australia * Hume-Fogg High School Hume-Fogg Academic Magnet High School is a public magnet high school serving grades 9–12 and located in downtown Nashville, Tennessee, United States. History Hume School, serving the first through 12th grades, opened in 1855 on Eighth Avenue ..., in Nashville, Tennessee, United States * Liqueur Fogg, a Brazilian liqueur * USS ''Fogg'' (DE-57), a United States Navy destroyer escort See also * * Fogge (other) * Fog (other) {{disambiguation ...
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Chinese Language
Chinese ( or ) is a group of languages spoken natively by the ethnic Han Chinese majority and List of ethnic groups in China, many minority ethnic groups in China, as well as by various communities of the Chinese diaspora. Approximately 1.39 billion people, or 17% of the global population, speak a variety of Chinese as their first language. Chinese languages form the Sinitic languages, Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The spoken varieties of Chinese are usually considered by native speakers to be dialects of a single language. However, their lack of mutual intelligibility means they are sometimes considered to be separate languages in a Language family, family. Investigation of the historical relationships among the varieties of Chinese is ongoing. Currently, most classifications posit 7 to 13 main regional groups based on phonetic developments from Middle Chinese, of which the most spoken by far is Mandarin Chinese, Mandarin with 66%, or around 800&nb ...
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Jiedushi
The ''jiedushi'' (, Old Turkic: Tarduş) or jiedu, was a regional military governor in China; the title was established in the Tang dynasty and abolished in the Yuan dynasty. The post of ''jiedushi'' has been translated as "military commissioner", " legate", or "regional commander". Originally introduced in 711 to counter external threats, the ''jiedushi'' were posts authorized with the supervision of a defense command often encompassing several prefectures, the ability to maintain their own armies, collect taxes and promote and appoint subordinates. Powerful ''jiedushi'' eventually became '' fanzhen'' rulers (''de facto'' warlords) and overrode the power of the central government of Tang. An early example of this was An Lushan, who was appointed ''jiedushi'' of three regions, which he used to start the An Lushan Rebellion that abruptly ended the golden age of the Tang dynasty. Even after the difficult suppression of that rebellion, some ''jiedushi'' such as the Three Fanz ...
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Guiyi Circuit
The Guiyi Circuit, also known as the Guiyi Army ( zh, t=歸義軍, w=Kui1-i4 Chün1, p=Guīyì Jūn, l=Returning-to-Righteousness Army, 848–1036 AD), Golden Mountain Kingdom of Western Han ( zh, t=西漢金山國, w=Hsi-han Chin-shan kuo, p=Xīhàn Jīnshān guó, labels=no, 909–911), and Dunhuang Kingdom of Western Han ( zh, t=西漢敦煌國, w=Hsi-han Tun-huang kuo, p=Xīhàn Dūnhuáng guó, labels=no, 911–914), was a Chinese regional military command and later an autonomous dynastic regime nominally subordinate to the Tang dynasty, the Five Dynasties, and the Northern Song dynasty. The Guiyi Circuit was controlled by the Zhang family from the second half of the 9th century to the 10th century and then the Cao family until the 11th century. The Guiyi Circuit was headquartered in Shazhou (沙州; modern-day Dunhuang). Background The Hexi Corridor was an important part of the Silk Road, connecting Central Asia with Northwest China. After the An Lushan Rebellion, the ...
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Dunhuang
Dunhuang () is a county-level city in northwestern Gansu Province, Western China. According to the 2010 Chinese census, the city has a population of 186,027, though 2019 estimates put the city's population at about 191,800. Sachu (Dunhuang) was a major stop on the ancient Silk Road and is best known for the nearby Mogao Caves. Dunhuang is situated in an oasis containing Crescent Lake and Mingsha Shan (, meaning "Singing-Sand Mountain"), named after the sound of the wind whipping off the dunes, the singing sand phenomenon. Dunhuang commands a strategic position at the crossroads of the ancient Southern Silk Route and the main road leading from India via Lhasa to Mongolia and southern Siberia, and also controls the entrance to the narrow Hexi Corridor, which leads straight to the heart of the north Chinese plains and the ancient capitals of Chang'an (today known as Xi'an) and Luoyang. Administratively, the county-level city of Dunhuang is part of the prefecture-level city of ...
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Song Dynasty
The Song dynasty ( ) was an Dynasties of China, imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song, who usurped the throne of the Later Zhou dynasty and went on to conquer the rest of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period#Ten Kingdoms, Ten Kingdoms, ending the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. The Song frequently came into conflict with the contemporaneous Liao dynasty, Liao, Western Xia and Jin dynasty (1115–1234), Jin dynasties in northern China. After retreating to southern China following attacks by the Jin dynasty, the Song was eventually conquered by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The History of the Song dynasty, dynasty's history is divided into two periods: during the Northern Song (; 960–1127), the capital was in the northern city of Bianjing (now Kaifeng) and the dynasty controlled most of what is now East China. The #Southern Song, 1127–1279, Southern Song (; 1127–1279) comprise the period following ...
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Fogg Banner Of Eleven-Headed Guanyin
The Fogg Banner of Eleven-Headed Guanyin is a 10th-century Chinese art, Chinese silk painting, depicting Ekādaśamukha, an Eleven-Headed image of the bodhisattva Guanyin, or Avalokiteśvara. Discovered in 1900 in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang from the Library Cave, it is currently owned by the Harvard Art Museums since 1943. Provenance In 1900, Wang Yuanlu (王圓籙), the caretaker of the Mogao Caves, discovered Cave 17 , nicknamed the "Library Cave" with its cache of 50,000 manuscripts, paintings, and banners with various artifacts dating in 4th to 11th centuries. In 1907, Wang sold many of the materials to pay for upkeep and restoration of Dunhuang and the material was divided by Aurel Stein, Paul Pelliot, Sergey Oldenburg, and various other explorers thru, which caused the separation of the Library, of which the Fogg Banner was one of the materials. Harvard University, Harvard University's holdings of Dunhuang material began in 1924 with the expedition held by Fogg Museum, ...
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