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Canal De Berry
The Canal de Berry () is a disused canal in France which links the Canal latéral à la Loire at Marseilles-lès-Aubigny with the Cher at Noyers rejoining the Loire near Tours. With a branch from Montluçon it provided of canal with locks wide from 1840 until its closure in 1955. There is now a long operational segment with five locks between Selles-sur-Cher and Noyers-sur-Cher. Construction Although discussed from 1484, it was not until 1780 when Armand II-Joseph, 6th Duke of Béthune Charost presented the first solid proposal to the provincial assembly. But work did not start until after an imperial decree in 1809 and was not completed until 1839. The work was designed by Joseph-Michel Dutens French Wiki article and mainly carried out by Spanish prisoners of war in the 1820s. Because of the shortage of water near the summit level at Sancoins, the 96 locks of the canal were built to a gauge of only by , similar to British "narrow canal" practice. Barges built to th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
House Of Bethune
A house is a single-unit residential building. It may range in complexity from a rudimentary hut to a complex structure of wood, masonry, concrete or other material, outfitted with plumbing, electrical, and heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems.Schoenauer, Norbert (2000). ''6,000 Years of Housing'' (rev. ed.) (New York: W.W. Norton & Company). Houses use a range of different roofing systems to keep precipitation such as rain from getting into the dwelling space. Houses generally have doors or lock (security device), locks to secure the dwelling space and protect its inhabitants and contents from burglars or other trespassers. Most conventional modern houses in Western cultures will contain one or more bedrooms and bathrooms, a kitchen or cooking area, and a living room. A house may have a separate dining room, or the eating area may be integrated into the kitchen or another room. Some large houses in North America have a recreation room. In traditional agriculture-o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Canals In France
Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi). They carry free, calm surface flow under atmospheric pressure, and can be thought of as artificial rivers. In most cases, a canal has a series of dams and locks that create reservoirs of low speed current flow. These reservoirs are referred to as ''slack water levels'', often just called ''levels''. A canal can be called a navigation canal when it parallels a natural river and shares part of the latter's discharges and drainage basin, and leverages its resources by building dams and locks to increase and lengthen its stretches of slack water levels while staying in its valley. A canal can cut across a drainage divide atop a ridge, generally requiring an external water source above the highest elevation. The best-known example of such a canal is the Panama Canal. Many can ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
List Of Canals In France
This is a list of the navigable canals and rivers in France. For reference purposes, all waterways are listed, including many that have been abandoned for navigation, mostly in the period 1925-1955, but some in later years. Although several sources are used and listed in the references below, an important source of up-to-date information on French waterways is Inland Waterways of France, by David Edwards-May (published by Imray Ltd in 2010), and its online versionnavigation details for 80 French rivers and canals(French waterways website section). Other sources using the same public information are the historic publishing house Berger-Levrault, Hugh McKnight, David Jefferson, Editions de l'Ecluse (Fluvial magazine) and the series of waterway guides published by Les Editions du Breil, all listed below the table. A comprehensive historic list with 513 entries for French canals is published online by Charles Berg. List The list includes two major rivers, the Rhine and the Rhône, th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Reugny, Allier
Reugny (; ) is a commune in the Allier department in Auvergne in central France. Population See also *Communes of the Allier department The following is a list of the 317 Communes of France, communes of the Allier Departments of France, department of France. Intercommunalities The communes cooperate in the following Communes of France#Intercommunality, intercommunalities (a ... References Communes of Allier Allier communes articles needing translation from French Wikipedia {{Allier-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Freycinet Gauge
The Freycinet gauge () is a standard governing the dimensions of the locks of some canals, put in place as a result of a law passed during the tenure of Charles de Freycinet as minister of public works of France, dating from 5 August 1879. The law required the size of lock chambers to be increased to a length of , a width of and a minimum water depth of , thus allowing 300 to 350 tonne barges to pass through. Consequently, boats and barges, such as the péniche, built to the Freycinet gauge could not exceed in length, in breadth and a draught of . Bridges and other structures built across the canals are required to provide of clearance. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries many French canals were modernised to conform to the Freycinet standard. By 2001, of navigable waterways in France corresponded to the Freycinet gauge, accounting for 23% of waterborne traffic. European Classification The Freycinet gauge corresponds to the Classification of European I ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cast Iron
Cast iron is a class of iron–carbon alloys with a carbon content of more than 2% and silicon content around 1–3%. Its usefulness derives from its relatively low melting temperature. The alloying elements determine the form in which its carbon appears: Cast iron#White cast iron, white cast iron has its carbon combined into an iron carbide named cementite, which is very hard, but brittle, as it allows cracks to pass straight through; Grey iron, grey cast iron has graphite flakes which deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks, and Ductile iron, ductile cast iron has spherical graphite "nodules" which stop the crack from further progressing. Carbon (C), ranging from 1.8 to 4 wt%, and silicon (Si), 1–3 wt%, are the main alloying elements of cast iron. Iron alloys with lower carbon content are known as steel. Cast iron tends to be brittle, except for malleable iron, malleable cast irons. With its relatively low melting point, g ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Draught (hull)
The draft or draught of a ship is a determined depth of the vessel below the waterline, measured vertically to its hull's lowest—its propellers, or keel, or other reference point. Draft varies according to the loaded condition of the ship. A deeper draft means the ship will have greater vertical depth below the waterline. Draft is used in under keel clearance calculations, where the draft is calculated with the available depth of water (from Electronic navigational charts) to ensure the ship can navigate safely, without grounding. Navigators can determine their draught by calculation or by visual observation (of the ship's painted load lines). Related terminology A ship's draft/draught is the "depth of the vessel below the waterline measured vertically to the lowest part of the hull, propellers, or other reference point". That is, the draft or draught is the maximum depth of any part of the vessel, including appendages such as rudders, propellers and drop keels if deplo ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Sancoins
Sancoins () is a Communes of France, commune in the Cher (department), Cher Departments of France, department in the Centre-Val de Loire Regions of France, region of France. Geography An area of farming and associated light industry comprising a small town and several hamlets situated by the banks of both the river Aubois and the canal de Berry, about southeast of Bourges, at the junction of the D2076 with the D951 and D920 roads. The commune shares its southern border with that of the department of Allier. Population Sights * The church of St. Martin, rebuilt in the nineteenth century. * The fourteenth-century castle of Jouy, built by Pierre de Giac, chancellor of the Duke of Berry. * Several 15th and sixteenth-century buildings in the main town. * Javoulet lake. * The sixteenth-century ‘Joan of Arc’ tower. Personalities *Oscar Méténier (1859–1913), writer, was born here. *Marguerite Audoux (1863–1937), writer, was born here. See also *Communes of the Cher departm ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lock (water Transport)
A lock is a device used for raising and lowering boats, ships and other watercraft between stretches of water of different levels on river and canal waterways. The distinguishing feature of a lock is a chamber in a permanently fixed position in which the water level can be varied. (In a caisson lock, a boat lift, or on a canal inclined plane, it is the chamber itself (usually then called a caisson (engineering), caisson) that rises and falls.) Locks are used to make a river more easily navigable, or to allow a canal to cross land that is not level. Over time, more and larger locks have been used in canals to allow a more direct route to be taken. History Ancient Egypt In Ancient Egypt, the river-locks was probably part of the Canal of the Pharaohs: Ptolemy II is credited by some for being the first to solve the problem of keeping the Nile free of salt water when his engineers invented the lock around 274/273 BC. Ancient China During 960–1279 CE, the natural extension o ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Selles-sur-Cher
Selles-sur-Cher (, ) is a commune in the French department of Loir-et-Cher, administrative region of Centre-Val de Loire, France. The name of the commune is known internationally for its goat cheese, Selles-sur-Cher, which was first made in the village in the 19th century. Name The commune was formerly known as ''Cellule'', then ''Celle-Saint-Eusice'', also spelled ''Selles-Saint-Eusice'' (), ''Selles-Notre-Dame'', ''Selles-en-Berry'' (), before changing to ''Selles-sur-Cher''. Population See also *Communes of the Loir-et-Cher department A commune is an alternative term for an intentional community. Commune or comună or comune or other derivations may also refer to: Administrative-territorial entities * Commune (administrative division), a municipality or township ** Communes o ... References Communes of Loir-et-Cher Berry, France {{LoirCher-geo-stub ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
