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Camisard Rebellion
Camisards were Huguenots (French Protestants) of the rugged and isolated Cévennes region and the neighbouring Vaunage in southern France. In the early 1700s, they raised a resistance against the persecutions which followed Louis XIV's Revocation of the Edict of Nantes, making Protestantism illegal. The Camisards operated throughout the mainly Protestant Cévennes and Vaunage regions including parts of the Camargue around Aigues Mortes. The revolt broke out in 1702, with the worst of the fighting continuing until 1704, then skirmishes until 1710 and a final peace by 1715. The Edict of Tolerance was not finally signed until 1787. Etymology The name in the Occitan language may derive from a type of linen smock or shirt known as a ''camisa'' (chemise) that peasants wear in lieu of any sort of uniform. Alternatively, it might come from the , meaning paths (chemins). , in the sense of "night attack", is derived from a feature of their tactics. History In April 1598, Henry IV had s ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Huguenot
The Huguenots ( , ; ) are a Religious denomination, religious group of French people, French Protestants who held to the Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestantism. The term, which may be derived from the name of a Swiss political leader, the Genevan burgomaster Besançon Hugues, was in common use by the mid-16th century. ''Huguenot'' was frequently used in reference to those of the Reformed Church of France from the time of the Protestant Reformation. By contrast, the Protestant populations of eastern France, in Alsace, Moselle (department), Moselle, and Montbéliard, were mainly Lutheranism, Lutherans. In his ''Encyclopedia of Protestantism'', Hans Hillerbrand wrote that on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in 1572, the Huguenot community made up as much as 10% of the French population. By 1600, it had declined to 7–8%, and was reduced further late in the century after the return of persecution under Louis XIV, who instituted the ''dragonnades'' to forcibly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Dragonnade
The ''Dragonnades'' was a policy implemented by Louis XIV in 1681 to force French Protestants known as Huguenots to convert to Catholicism. It involved the billeting of dragoons of the French Royal Army in Huguenot households, with the soldiers being given implied permission to mistreat the inhabitants and damage or steal their possessions. Soldiers employed as part of this policy were derisively referred to as "missionary dragoons". Background With the Edict of Nantes in 1598, Henry IV of France ended the French Wars of Religion by granting a relatively high degree of toleration to French Protestants (known as Huguenots) as well as political and military privileges. The latter were abolished in 1629 under the Peace of Alès following the Huguenot rebellions, but the provisions of the Edict of Nantes granting religious tolerance were largely maintained under the governments of Cardinal Richelieu and Cardinal Mazarin. Louis XIV, however, aimed to have religious uniformity in ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Irregular Warfare
Irregular warfare (IW) is defined in United States joint doctrine as "a violent struggle among state and non-state actors for legitimacy and influence over the relevant populations" and in U.S. law as "Department of Defense activities not involving armed conflict that support predetermined United States policy and military objectives conducted by, with, and through regular forces, irregular forces, groups, and individuals." In practice, control of institutions and infrastructure is also important. Concepts associated with irregular warfare are older than the term itself. Irregular warfare favors indirect warfare and asymmetric warfare approaches, though it may employ the full range of military and other capabilities in order to erode the adversary's power, influence, and will. It is inherently a protracted struggle that will test the resolve of a state and its strategic partners."Irregular Warfare (IW)", DoD Directive 3000.07, United States Department of Defense, 1 December 200/ref ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Roland Laporte
Roland Laporte (1675 – 14 August 1704), better known as Roland, was a Camisard leader who was born at Mas Soubeyran (Gard) in a cottage that has become the property of the Socité de l'Histoire du Protestantisme français and contains relics of the hero. He was a nephew of Laporte, the Camisard leader, who was hunted down and shot in October 1702, and became the leader of a band of a thousand men which he formed into a disciplined army with magazines, arsenals and hospitals. For daring in action and rapidity of movement he was second only to Jean Cavalier. Both leaders in 1702 secured entrance to the town of Sauve under the pretence of being royal officers, burnt the church and carried off provisions and ammunition for their forces. Roland, who called himself general of the children of God, terrorized the country between Nîmes and Alais, burning churches and houses, and slaying those suspected of hostility against the Huguenots The Huguenots ( , ; ) are a Religious ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Jean Cavalier
Jean Cavalier (28 November 1681 – 17 May 1740), was the Occitan Huguenot chief of the Camisards. He was born at Mas Roux, a small hamlet in the commune of Ribaute near Anduze, southern France. Early life His father, an illiterate peasant, had been compelled by persecution to become a Roman Catholic along with his family, but his mother brought him up secretly in the Protestant faith. In his boyhood he became a shepherd, and about his twentieth year he was apprenticed to a baker. Threatened with prosecution for his religious opinions he went to Geneva, where he spent the year 1701; he returned to the Cévennes on the eve of the rebellion of the Camisards, who by the murder of the Abbé du Chayla at Pont-de-Monvert on the night of 24 July 1702 raised the standard of revolt. Some months later he became their leader. He showed himself possessed of an extraordinary genius for war, and Marshal Villars paid him the high compliment of saying that he was as courageous in attack as h ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Le Pont-de-Montvert
Le Pont-de-Montvert (; ) is a former commune in the Lozère département in southern France. On 1 January 2016, it was merged into the new commune of Pont-de-Montvert-Sud-Mont-Lozère. It is located in the heart of the Parc National des Cévennes. The inhabitants of Le Pont-de-Montvert are called ''Pontoises'' or ''Montvertipontains''. History Late Neolithic standing stones called the menhir A menhir (; from Brittonic languages: ''maen'' or ''men'', "stone" and ''hir'' or ''hîr'', "long"), standing stone, orthostat, or lith is a large upright stone, emplaced in the ground by humans, typically dating from the European middle Br ...s of the Cham des Bondons, the largest concentration of menhirs in the south of France, bear mute witness to the long prehistory of human occupation here. The village was a fief of the Knights Hospitaller. Guillaume de Grimoard, future pope under the name of Pope Urban V, Urban V, was born in the ''Château de Grizac'' here in 1309. The pict ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
The Beast (Revelation)
The Beast (, ) may refer to one of three beasts described in the Book of Revelation. Revelation 12-13 describes these three beasts as follows: # ''The dragon'' (later revealed in the text to be Satan) # ''The beast of the sea'' (commonly interpreted as the Antichrist) # ''The beast of the earth'' (later revealed in the text to be the False Prophet) However, many people have different beliefs about the meaning of these beasts. In Revelation 13:1–10, the beast of the sea rises "out of the sea" and is given authority and power by the dragon. It persecutes God's people in the 2nd part of Revelation 13. To buy and sell, everyone is required to have its name or number on their forehead or right hand (Rev 13:16-17). It speaks blasphemous words against God, will rule the world for 42 months (Revelation 13:5-7), and is described as resembling a leopard, a lion, and a bear— which are three of the animals in Daniel 7. It suffers a fatal head wound which is miraculously healed, bew ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Abraham Mazel
Abraham Mazel (5 September 1677 – 17 October 1710), was a French Huguenot from the Cévennes region and Camisard revolutionary, known for leading the insurrection that led to the War of the Camisards (1702-1704). Biography Abraham Mazel was born to a Huguenot family at Saint-Jean-du-Gard, Languedoc, France, on 5 September 1677. His father was David Mazel (1648-1719), a woolcomber, and his mother was Jeanne Daudé (1650-1680). In October 1701, Mazel was visited by "the spirit of prophecy" urging him to free his fellow Huguenots imprisoned by abbot François Langlade, archbishop of the Cévennes. The archbishop was well known in the Cevennes for his brutal repression of French Protestants. On 24 July 1702, about fifty peasants, led by Mazel and Ésprit Séguier, marched onto the archpriest's residence at Le Pont-de-Montvert, to inflict vengeance upon him, and release the imprisoned Huguenots. During the night they raided Langlade's residence, released the prisoners from th ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Combing
Combing is a method for preparing carding, carded fibre for spinning (textiles), spinning. Combing aligns fibers in parallel before spinning to produce a smoother, stronger, and more lustrous yarn. The process of combing is accompanied by ''gilling'', a process of evening out carded or combed top making it suitable for spinning. Combing separates out short fibres by means of a rotating ring or rectilinear row of steel pins. The fibres in the 'top (textiles), top' it produces have been straightened and lie parallel to each other. When combing wool, the discarded short fibres are called noils, and are ground up into shoddy. In general, there are two main systems of preparing fibre for yarn: the worsted system and the woollen system. The worsted system is defined by the removal of short fibres by combing and top preparation by gilling. In the woollen system, short fibres are retained, and it may or may not involve combing. Combing is divided into linear and circular combing. The ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
François Langlade
François de Langlade du Chayla (c. 1647 – 24 July 1702) was the French Catholic Abbé of Chaila (or Chayla), Archpriest of the Cevennes and Inspector of Missions of the Cevennes. His brutal repression of French (Protestant) Huguenots by means of torture caused his assassination and sparked the War of the Camisards. Life A missionary in his youth in Siam (modern Thailand), he there suffered near-martyrdom at the hands of Buddhists, was left for dead, but survived and returned to France. His house in Le Pont-de-Montvert served as a prison for Protestants who were tortured.Pierre-Jean Ruff, 2008. ''Le temple du Rouve, lieu de mémoire des Camisards''. Editions Lacour-Ollé, NîmeThe first Camisards and freedom of conscience As Robert Louis Stevenson said, Chayla "...closed the hands of his prisoners upon live coal, and plucked out the hairs of their beards, to convince them that they were deceived in their eligious beliefs" Historical reputation P. H. Stanhope in his Reign of Q ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
