California Agricultural Strike 1933
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California Agricultural Strike 1933
The California agricultural strikes of 1933 were a series of strikes by mostly Mexicans, Mexican and Filipinos, Filipino agricultural workers throughout the San Joaquin Valley. More than 47,500 workers were involved in the wave of approximately 30 strikes from 1931 to 1941. Twenty-four of the strikes, involving 37,500 union members, were led by the Cannery and Agricultural Workers' Industrial Union (CAWIU). The strikes are grouped together because most of them were organized by the CAWIU. Strike actions began in August among cherry, grape, peach, pear, sugar beet, and tomato workers, and culminated in a number of strikes against cotton growers in the San Joaquin Valley in October. The cotton strikes involved the largest number of workers. Sources vary as to numbers involved in the cotton strikes, with some sources claiming 18,000 workers and others just 12,000 workers, 80% of whom were Mexican. In the cotton strikes of 1933, striking workers were evicted from company housing while g ...
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California Criminal Syndicalism Act
The California Criminal Syndicalism ActStats. 1919 c. 188, p. 281; it was codified at California Penal Code ยงยง 11400 et seq.) was a law of California in 1919 under Governor William Stephens criminalizing syndicalism. It was enacted on April 30, 1919, and repealed in 1991.Repealed by California Stats. 1991, c. 186 (A.B. 436). The law stated that "any person who was a member of any organization that advocated criminal syndicalism was guilty of a felony and punishable by up to 14 years in the state prison. The law is significant, and controversial, because it made certain beliefs illegal. A person did not have to commit any overt act. Simple advocacy of a certain belief or membership in a group that advocated syndicalism was enough to secure a conviction". One of the Act's best-known convictions was that of Charlotte Anita Whitney, which led to the Act being upheld by the Supreme Court of the United States in ''Whitney v. California'' (1927), which was itself explicitly overturn ...
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Strikebreaker
A strikebreaker (sometimes pejoratively called a scab, blackleg, bootlicker, blackguard or knobstick) is a person who works despite an ongoing strike. Strikebreakers may be current employees ( union members or not), or new hires to keep the organization running (hired after or during the strike). In continuing to work, or taking jobs at a workplace under current strike, strikebreakers are said to "cross picket lines". Some countries have passed laws outlawing strikebreakers to give more power to trade unions, while other countries have passed right-to-work laws which protect strikebreakers. International law Freedom of association The freedom of association enshrined in Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article 20 protects both peaceful association and not being "compelled to belong to an association". Right to strike The right to strike is well-established in international law. In particular, the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights establis ...
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California Highway Patrol
The California Highway Patrol (CHP) is the principal state police agency for the U.S. state of California. The CHP has primary jurisdiction, including patrol and Criminal investigation, investigations, over all California Controlled-access highway, freeways and state property. Additionally, the CHP is responsible for the enforcement of all laws regulating the operation of vehicles on highways, including all roadways, outside incorporated city limits. The CHP can exercise law enforcement powers anywhere within the state. The California State Legislature originally established the California Highway Patrol as a branch of the California Department of Motor Vehicles, Division of Motor Vehicles in the Department of Public Works, with legislation signed by Governor of California, Governor C. C. Young on August 14, 1929. It was subsequently established as a separate department with legislation signed by Governor Earl Warren in 1947. The CHP gradually assumed increased responsi ...
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Corcoran, California
Corcoran is a city in Kings County, California, United States. As of the 2020 United States census, 2020 census, its population was 22,339, down from 24,813 2010 United States census, (2010 census). Corcoran is located south-southeast of Hanford, California, Hanford, at an elevation of . Corcoran is most notable as the site of the California State Prison, Corcoran. The California Substance Abuse Treatment Facility and State Prison, Corcoran is a separate facility that is also located in the city. As of January 1, 2015, the two prisons held a combined total of 9,592 inmates. Inmates are counted as city residents by both the United States Census and the California Department of Finance. Thus, the incarcerated people in the two prisons comprise just over 43% of the total population of Corcoran. History Corcoran was founded by Hobart Johnstone Whitley, a prominent land developer from southern California, who took the lead in building Corcoran (the main street of the community i ...
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Kings County, California
Kings County is a county located in the U.S. state of California. The population was 152,486 at the 2020 census. The county seat is Hanford. Kings County comprises the Hanford- Corcoran, CA metropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Visalia- Porterville-Hanford, CA combined statistical area. It is in the San Joaquin Valley, a rich agricultural region. History The area was inhabited for thousands of years by Native Americans including the Tachi Yokuts tribe. They continue to live in the area on the Santa Rosa Rancheria. It was colonized by Spain, Mexico and the United States. An 1805 expedition probably led by Spanish Army Lieutenant Gabriel Moraga recorded discovering the river, which they named ''El Rio de los Santos Reyes'' (River of the Holy Kings) after the Three Wise Men of the Bible.Hoover, p. 132 At the time of the United States conquest of California in 1848, the new government changed the name to Kings River after which the county was n ...
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Los Angeles Times
The ''Los Angeles Times'' is an American Newspaper#Daily, daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles city of El Segundo, California, El Segundo since 2018, it is the List of newspapers in the United States, sixth-largest newspaper in the U.S. and the largest in the Western United States with a print circulation of 118,760. It has 500,000 online subscribers, the fifth-largest among U.S. newspapers. Owned by Patrick Soon-Shiong and published by California Times, the paper has won over 40 Pulitzer Prizes since its founding. In the 19th century, the paper developed a reputation for civic boosterism and opposition to Trade union, labor unions, the latter of which led to the Los Angeles Times bombing, bombing of its headquarters in 1910. The paper's profile grew substantially in the 1960s under publisher Otis Chandler, who adopted a more national focus. As with other regional newspapers in California and the United Sta ...
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Picketing
Picketing is a form of protest in which people (called pickets or picketers) congregate outside a place of work or location where an event is taking place. Often, this is done in an attempt to dissuade others from going in (" crossing the picket line"), but it can also be done to draw public attention to a cause. Picketers normally endeavor to be non-violent. It can have a number of aims but is generally to put pressure on the party targeted to meet particular demands or cease operations. This pressure is achieved by harming the business through loss of customers and negative publicity, or by discouraging or preventing workers or customers from entering the site and thereby preventing the business from operating normally. Picketing is a common tactic used by trade unions during strikes, who will try to prevent dissident members of the union, members of other unions and non-unionised workers from working. Those who cross the picket line and work despite the strike are known ...
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Hundredweight
The hundredweight (abbreviation: cwt), formerly also known as the centum weight or quintal, is a British imperial and United States customary unit of weight or mass. Its value differs between the United States customary and British imperial systems. The two values are distinguished in American English as the short and long hundredweight and in British English as the cental and imperial hundredweight. * The short hundredweight or cental of is defined in the United States customary system. * The long or imperial hundredweight of 8  stone or is defined in the British imperial system. Under both conventions, there are 20 hundredweight in a ton, producing a " short ton" of 2,000 pounds (907.2 kg) and a " long ton" of 2,240 pounds (1,016 kg). History The hundredweight has had many values. In England in around 1300, different hundreds (''centum'' in Medieval Latin) were defined. The Weights and Measures Act 1835 formally established the present imperial hundr ...
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Collective Bargaining
Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and labour rights, rights for workers. The interests of the employees are commonly presented by representatives of a trade union to which the employees belong. A collective agreement reached by these negotiations functions as a Labor and employment law, labour contract between an employer and one or more unions, and typically establishes terms regarding wage scales, working hours, training, health and safety, overtime, Grievance (labour), grievance mechanisms, and rights to participate in workplace or company affairs. Such agreements can also include 'productivity bargaining' in which workers agree to changes to working practices in return for higher pay or greater job security. The union may negotiate with a single employer (who is typically representing a company's s ...
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Communism
Communism () is a political sociology, sociopolitical, political philosophy, philosophical, and economic ideology, economic ideology within the history of socialism, socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered on common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products in society based on need.: "One widespread distinction was that socialism socialised production only while communism socialised production and consumption." A communist society entails the absence of private property and social classes, and ultimately money and the State (polity), state. Communists often seek a voluntary state of self-governance but disagree on the means to this end. This reflects a distinction between a Libertarian socialism, libertarian socialist approach of communization, revolutionary spontaneity, and workers' self-management, and an authoritarian socialism, authoritarian socialist, vanguardis ...
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