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CYP4F11
CYP4F11 (cytochrome P450, family 4, subfamily F, polypeptide 11) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CYP4F11'' gene. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 19. Another member of this family, CYP4F2, is approximately 16 kb away. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding the same protein have been found for this gene. Expression CYP4F11 is expressed in liver, kidney, heart, brain, and skeletal muscle and is overexpressed in ovarian and colon cancers; perhaps relativant to its overexpression in ovarian cancer, its gene has an estrogen receptor α responsive site in its Promoter (genetics) site. Activities and possible functions CYP4F11 is active in metabolism of many drugs including benzphetamine, e ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CYP4F2
Cytochrome P450 4F2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ''CYP4F2'' gene. This protein is an enzyme, a type of protein that catalyzes (helps speed up) chemical reactions inside cells. This specific enzyme is part of the superfamily of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, and the encoding gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes located on chromosome 19. CYP enzymes (CYPs) function primarily as monooxygenases - enzymes that add exactly one hydroxy group (−OH) to a molecule. CYPs are membrane-bound and expressed in many cells, but are most highly expressed in the liver. CYPs contain heme (a precursor to hemoglobin) and hence are classified as hemoproteins. CYPs are involved in cellular metabolism, hormone synthesis, sterol and cholesterol metabolism, and are critical in maintaining homeostasis, a process by which an organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions. In humans, CYPs are responsible for about 80% of oxidative me ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residue (biochemistry), residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms, including Enzyme catalysis, catalysing metabolic reactions, DNA replication, Cell signaling, responding to stimuli, providing Cytoskeleton, structure to cells and Fibrous protein, organisms, and Intracellular transport, transporting molecules from one location to another. Proteins differ from one another primarily in their sequence of amino acids, which is dictated by the Nucleic acid sequence, nucleotide sequence of their genes, and which usually results in protein folding into a specific Protein structure, 3D structure that determines its activity. A linear chain of amino acid residues is called a polypeptide. A protein contains at least one long polypeptide. Short polypeptides, containing less than 20–30 residues, are rarely considered to be proteins and are commonly called pep ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Menaquinone
Vitamin K2 or menaquinone (MK) () is one of three types of vitamin K, the other two being vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K3 (menadione). K2 is both a tissue and bacterial product (derived from vitamin K1 in both cases) and is usually found in animal products or fermented foods. The number ''n'' of isoprenyl units in their side chain differs and ranges from 4 to 13, hence vitamin K2 consists of various forms. It is indicated as a suffix (-n), e. g. MK-7 or MK-9. * The most common in the human diet is the short-chain, water-soluble menatetrenone (MK-4), which is commonly found in animal products. However, at least one published study concluded that "MK-4 present in food does not contribute to the vitamin K status as measured by serum vitamin K levels." The MK-4 in animal (including human) tissue is made from dietary plant vitamin K1. This process can be accomplished by animal tissues alone, as it proceeds in germ-free rodents. * Long-chain menaquinones (longer than MK-4) include M ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Gene Polymorphism
A gene is said to be polymorphic if more than one allele occupies that gene's Locus (genetics), locus within a population. In addition to having more than one allele at a specific locus, each allele must also occur in the population at a rate of at least 1% to generally be considered polymorphic. Gene polymorphisms can occur in any region of the genome. The majority of polymorphisms are silent, meaning they do not alter the function or expression of a gene. Some polymorphisms are visible. For example, in dogs the E locus can have any of five different alleles, known as E, Em, Eg, Eh, and e. Varying combinations of these alleles contribute to the pigmentation and patterns seen in dog coats. A polymorphic variant of a gene can lead to the abnormal expression or to the production of an abnormal form of the protein; this abnormality may cause or be associated with disease. For example, a polymorphic variant of the gene encoding the enzyme CYP4A11, in which thymidine replaces cytosin ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Arachidonic Acid
Arachidonic acid (AA, sometimes ARA) is a polyunsaturated omega−6 fatty acid 20:4(ω−6), or 20:4(5,8,11,14). It is a precursor in the formation of leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes. Together with omega−3 fatty acids and other omega−6 fatty acids, arachidonic acid provides energy for body functions, contributes to cell membrane structure, and participates in the synthesis of eicosanoids, which have numerous roles in physiology as signaling molecules. Its name derives from the ancient Greek neologism ''arachis'' 'peanut', although peanut oil does not contain any arachidonic acid. Arachidonate is the name of the derived carboxylate anion ( conjugate base of the acid), salts, and some esters. Chemistry In chemical structure, arachidonic acid is a carboxylic acid with a 20-carbon chain and four '' cis''- double bonds; the first double bond is located at the sixth carbon from the omega end. Some chemistry sources define 'arachidonic acid' to designa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CYP4A11
Cytochrome P450 4A11 is a protein that in humans is codified by the ''CYP4A11'' gene. Family This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases, catalyzing many reactions involved in drug metabolism as well as the synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and other lipids. Tissue and subcellular distribution CYP4A11 is highly expressed in the liver and kidney. Its primary subcellular localization is in the endoplasmic reticulum, where it participates in the hydroxylation of medium-chain fatty acids such as laurate and myristate. Function CYP4A11 plays a crucial role in metabolizing arachidonic acid into 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) via an Omega oxidation reaction. In humans, the predominant enzymes synthesizing 20-HETE are CYP4F2 and CYP4A11. 20-HETE regulates blood flow, vascularization, blood pressure, and renal ion absorption, particularly in rodents and potentially in humans. In additio ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
CYP4F3
Cytochrome P450 4F3, also leukotriene-B(4) omega-hydroxylase 2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ''CYP4F3'' gene. ''CYP4F3'' encodes two distinct enzymes, CYP4F3A and CYP4F3B, which originate from the alternative splicing of a single pre-mRNA precursor molecule; selection of either isoform is tissue-specific with CYP3F3A being expressed mostly in leukocytes and CYP4F3B mostly in the liver. Function The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, fatty acids and other lipids. ''CYP4F3'' actually encodes two splice-variants, CYP4F3A and CYP4F3B, of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The gene is part of a cluster of cytochrome P450 genes on chromosome 19. Another member of this family, CYP4F8, is approximately 18 kb away. Both variants localize on the endoplasmic reticulum and metabolize leukotriene B4 and very likely 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, 5-oxo-eicosa ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Cell Signaling
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the Biological process, process by which a Cell (biology), cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment. Cell signaling is a fundamental property of all Cell (biology), cellular life in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Typically, the signaling process involves three components: the signal, the receptor, and the effector. In biology, signals are mostly chemical in nature, but can also be physical cues such as pressure, Membrane potential, voltage, temperature, or light. Chemical signals are molecules with the ability to bind and activate a specific Receptor (biochemistry), receptor. These molecules, also referred to as Ligand (biochemistry), ligands, are chemically diverse, including ions (e.g. Na+, K+, Ca2+, etc.), lipids (e.g. steroid, prostaglandin), peptides (e.g. insulin, ACTH), carbohydrates, glycosylated proteins (proteoglycans), nucleic acids, etc. Peptide and lipid ligands are particularly ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
Lipoxins
A lipoxin (LX or Lx), an acronym for lipoxygenase interaction product, is a bioactive autacoid metabolite of arachidonic acid made by various cell types. They are categorized as nonclassic eicosanoids and members of the specialized pro-resolving mediator (SPM) family of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolites. Like other SPMs, LXs form during an inflammatory response and act to resolve it. The first lipoxins identified were lipoxin A4 (LXA4) and lipoxin B4 (LXB4), followed by their respective epimers, the epi-lipoxins 15-epi-LXA4 and 15-epi-LXB4. History LXA4 and LXB4 were first described by Charles Serhan, Mats Hamberg, and Bengt Samuelsson in 1984. They reported that human blood neutrophils, when stimulated, make these two lipoxins and that neutrophils, when stimulated by either of the LXs, mounted superoxide anion (O2−) generation and degranulation responses. Both responses are considered to be pro-inflammatory in that, while aimed at neutralizing invading pathog ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid
12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) is a derivative of the 20 carbon polyunsaturated fatty acid, arachidonic acid, containing a hydroxyl residue at carbon 12 and a 5''Z'',''8Z'',10''E'',14''Z'' cis–trans configuration (Z=cis, E=trans) in its four double bonds. It was first found as a product of arachidonic acid metabolism made by human and bovine platelets through their 12''S''-lipoxygenase (i.e. ALOX12) enzyme(s). However, the term 12-HETE is ambiguous in that it has been used to indicate not only the initially detected "S" stereoisomer, 12''S''-hydroxy-5''Z'',''8Z'',10''E'',14''Z''-eicosatetraenoic acid (12(''S'')-HETE or 12''S''-HETE), made by platelets, but also the later detected "R" stereoisomer, 12(''R'')-hydroxy-5''Z'',''8Z'',10''E'',14''Z''-eicosatetraenoic acid (also termed 12(''R'')-HETE or 12''R''-HETE) made by other tissues through their 12''R''-lipoxygenase enzyme, ALOX12B. The two isomers, either directly or after being further metabolized, have been sugge ... [...More Info...] [...Related Items...] OR: [Wikipedia] [Google] [Baidu] |
